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Please answer the questions below in approximately 200 words. DO NOT PLAGERIZE. Reference sources.
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
1) Antibiotics can kill gram-negative bacteria, but symptoms of fever and low blood pressure can persist. Why?
2) Why is diagnosis of botulism difficult?
3) Explain how each of the following avoids being killed by phagocytes.
a. Streptococcus pneumoniae
b. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
c. Streptococcus pyogenes
d. Shigella dysenteriae
4) A patient consulted a physician for symptoms that included a swollen toe, a red streak along his ankle, and enlarged lymph nodes in his groin. Explain the cause of these symptoms.
5) A person has antibodies against the measles virus. Identify three ways in which these antibodies could be acquired.
6) Describe the production of antibodies using the clonal selection theory.
7) Positive diagnosis of AIDS is made when a patient has antibodies against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Why does a patient have an immune deficiency if he or she is making antibodies?
8) What is the effect of discharging primary-treated sewage on the BOD and dissolved O2 (DO) of the receiving body of water? What is the effect of secondary-treated sewage on the BOD and DO?
9) A newspaper headline reported “Algal Bloom Kills Fish.”
a. What actually caused fish death, given that the algae were not toxic?
b. What could have caused the algal bloom?
Table 27.1
These results were obtained from a bioremediation experiment:
10) Explain the data in Table 27.1.
11) Why does fermentation preserve foods?
12) Why would a farmer purchase Rhizobium? Bacillus thuringiensis?
13) Most of the world’s population relies on wheat for food. Research is being conducted to produce wheat with a higher protein content. Design a biotechnological approach to improving the amino acid content of wheat.

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Molecular Techniques (SLE321) Practical Report Section Mark INTRODUCTION and AIM (1 page max) -What is yZnt? -Clear aims and/or objectives o Overall aim(s) o Brief description of techniques used (1-2 sentences) o Here we…. ? PCR ? Ligate linear plasmid & PCR fragment ? Transform into E. coli ? Confirm by Taq pol. screen (colonies) and Southern blot (gel). -Hypothesis and expected outcomes o Expected band sizes in gels o Blue/white screening result o Expected bands in Southern blot /15 MATERIALS and METHODS (2 pages max) -Appropriate use of headings (Some of the headings in the lab manual can be appropriated) -Clear and concise descriptions of changes or alterations made to methods -Outline the methods used in paragraph form – not as the recipe format in the lab manual. Two scientific papers have been provided as examples (Heras et al, 2009) o PCR & visualization of product o Mini-prep o RE digest & AP treatment o Gel purification o Ligation o Heat-shock transformation o Southern blot o PCR colony screen There should be sufficient detail for another scientist to repeat the experiment. As you see from the papers, research scientists tend to write abbreviated methods when standard practices are employed. This is very field-specific. Your supervisor will be able to guide you when you publish your own research. As the prac write-up is a learning exercise, it is better to err on the side of too much rather than too little detail. /10 RESULTS (2 pages max) -Clear and concise description of results achieved with reference to methods. -Appropriate use of figures and figure legends o Gels should be clearly labeled (MWM, lanes, band sizes) o Photos of blue/white screen plates are not necessary o Use line diagrams where appropriate. o Interpretation of gel pictures and Southern membrane /25 DISCUSSION (1-2 pages) -Describe the purpose of the methods used to achieve the outcomes of the project. -Clear explanations when problems or errors were encountered with experiments…