PS390 Statistical Reasoning in Psychology

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STATISTICAL REASONING IN PSYCHOLOGY

PS390 Statistical Reasoning in Psychology
Directions: Be sure to save an electronic copy of your answer before submitting it to Ashworth College for grading. Unless otherwise stated, answer in complete sentences, and be sure to use correct English, spelling, and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA format. Your response should be four (4) double‐spaced pages; refer to the “Format Requirementsʺ page for specific format requirements.
 
StatCrunch
 
StatCrunch tutorial videos are available at http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=BE055F65E43B4973.
 

  1. (25 points) A sports psychologist gave a questionnaire about healthy eating habits to randomly selected professional athletes. The results are displayed below. Using the .05 significance level, is there a difference in healthy eating habits among professionals in the three sports?

 
Baseball Players              Basketball Players              Football Players
32                                    27                                        27
27                                    36                                        23
26                                    25                                        26
35                                    30                                        20
 

  1. Make a graph for the data set.
  1. Use the five steps of hypothesis testing (report results in APA format).

 

  1. Figure the effect size of this study.

 

  1. Conduct a planned contrast for Baseball versus Football players (using Tukey’s HSD).

 
 
 

  1. (25 points) A researcher is interested in the effects of sleep deprivation and caffeine intake on mood. Participants were randomly assigned to a sleep condition (normal or deprived) and a caffeine condition (0 cups, 2 cups, or 4 cups). After the manipulations, mood was measured (such that higher numbers indicated better mood). The results were as follows:

 
Normal Condition                            Deprived Condition
0 cups  2 cups  4 cups                          0 cups  2 cups  4 cups
16       18         18                                0          5          6
17       20         17                                6          4          8
20       20         17                                3          4          6
19       19         17                                2          2          7
18       18         16                                4          5          8
 
Analyze these data using a factorial analysis of variance and including R2 for each effect.
 

  1. (25 points) A researcher was interested in whether college GPA (X) would predict starting salary after college (Y). (For simplicity, salary was converted to a 100-point scale.) The participants’ scores were:

 
X                      Y
2.25                 55
1.75                 23
3.25                 80
3.75                 42
M = 2.75          M = 50
 

  1. Report the correlation and linear prediction equation.

 

  1. Make a graph with the regression line.

 

  1. Figure the standardized regression coefficient.
  1. (25 points) An advertising firm wanting to target people with strong desires for success conducted a study to see if such people differed in the types of television shows they watched. Randomly selected participants recorded the shows they watched for a week, then their desire for success was assessed, and finally they were divided into two groups. Low Success seekers watched 8 comedies, 15 romances, 6 documentaries, 13 dramas, and 3 news shows. High Success seekers watched 3 comedies, 3 romances, 9 documentaries, 7 dramas, and 8 news shows. Using the .05 significance level, is the distribution of type of shows watched different for participants having high and low desires for success?

 

  1. Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.

Demonstrate your understanding of the complexities of how we learn by evaluating the potential correlations between symbolic interactionism and constructivism.

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Information on how we learn can be applied to areas such as in health, leadership, business, employee training, and the family. It can also help you to assist people to understand the needs of others’ more successfully and create more successful learning, organizational, and personal environments.  In this discussion, you will demonstrate your understanding of schema theory and scaffolding by sharing about your educational background and the ways you have been taught new knowledge in the past.
Evaluate schema theory and its potential application to learning psychology. Compare one method of learning you have experienced that did not align with anything you knew or believed to a method that built on your existing schema (scaffolding). Thinking critically about the inherent differences in the outcomes in these two situations, what differences were there for you in the level of difficulty of remembering the material? Analyze and comment on how this learning theory applied to these two real-life situations. What other differences you can think of?  How might you apply the principles of this theory when providing new information to a diverse group of individuals?
 
part 3
Demonstrate your understanding of the complexities of how we learn by evaluating the potential correlations between symbolic interactionism and constructivism. Apply basic research methods in psychology to your post by synthesizing the principles from the articles in your own words with appropriate citations. Do not quote the articles directly. Based on your course resources, scholarly articles, and the knowledge you have developed throughout the past four weeks, critically consider how/if these correlations might affect a person’s ability and/or willingness to learn new material. Consider the following in your analysis:
 

  • Symbolic interactionism is actually a theory posed in sociological psychology. Do you believe this theory can be aligned with the framework of constructivism, which originates from learning psychology? Why, or why not? Support your statements with scholarly research and personal examples.
  • In your opinion, what prevents (or substantiates) their correlation?
  • Based on these theories, what possible needs should be considered when teaching skills to a group of diverse learners?

EVALUATE SCHEMA THEORY AND ITS POTENTIAL APPLICATION TO LEARNING PSYCHOLOGY.

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EVALUATE SCHEMA THEORY AND ITS POTENTIAL APPLICATION TO LEARNING PSYCHOLOGY.

Traditionally, someone who is intelligent is defined as an individual who can solve problems, use logic to answer questions, and think critically. However, psychologist Howard Gardner has created a much broader definition of intelligence.
Demonstrate an understanding of intelligence and learning in the framework of Gardner by comparing and contrasting the traditional definition of intelligence (IQ) with multiple intelligences. Thinking critically about these difference, comment on how Gardner’s ideas might change the way some assess a person’s strengths and weaknesses. Do these ideas significantly affect this type of evaluation? Apply the principles of multiple intelligences (MI) to the following questions:  300 words

    • If you were to assign one of the multiple intelligences to yourself, what would it be, and why?

 

    • Which of the MIs do you think are most valued by schools and society? Why?

 

    • On what evidence, including personal experiences, do you base your opinions?

 

    • If work environments recognized multiple intelligences, how might training, counseling, or classroom activities be revised to address these principles?

 

  • How might an understanding of multiple intelligences change the ways in which you view your own abilities? Why, or why not?

Second Part 300 words

Write a 2–3-page assessment in which you respond to a series of questions about the field of biopsychology and the brain.

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ABOUT THE FIELD OF BIOPSYCHOLOGY AND THE BRAIN.

Write a 2–3-page assessment in which you respond to a series of questions about the field of biopsychology and the brain. Biopsychology, also known as behavioral neuroscience, has become a well-established multidisciplinary study that uses complicated techniques to reveal the relationship between brain functions and human behaviors.
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By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

  • Competency 1: Use information technology and tools to identify information in the domain of biological psychology. â–ªDescribe the different regions of the brain and the associated functions.
▪ Describe the ethical concerns connected to biopsychology research. â€¨
  • Competency 2: Employ critical and creative thinking to evaluate problems, conflicts, and unresolved issues in the study of biological psychology. â€¨â–ªExplain the mind-brain problem.
▪ Describe the origin of biopsychology. â€¨
  • Competency 3: Analyze the research methodology and tools typically associated with the study of biological psychology. â€¨â–ªDescribe scientific methods used by scientists to study the brain. â€¨
  • Competency 6: Communicate effectively in a variety of formats.

â–ª  Write coherently to support a central idea with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a â€¨psychology professional. â€¨
â–ª  Use APA style and format. â€¨Context â€¨As a branch of psychology, contemporary biopsychology studies the relationships between behavior and (mainly) the brain. Before this central hypothesis was established, the popular mind-brain questions raised in history included “What is the mind?” and “Does the mind control the brain or vice-versa?” Numerous scientists, psychologists, philosophers, and other scholars answered these questions differently and developed a variety of theories to explain their rationale. â€¨Show More
Action Potential â€¨The brain is part of the nervous system. A particularly important aspect of the nervous system is how neurons “fire,” or act to transmit information. This process is known as the action potential and is governed by several different factors, including neurotransmitters and electrolytes. â€¨Action potentials are subject to several laws. For instance, according to the all-or-none principle, an action potential occurs at full strength or not at all. This theory has been a foundation of the studies â€¨
of the brain and the theory is widely applied in today’s medicine as well as the computer world and the robot industry.
Nature or Nurture?
The relationship between heredity and the environmental influence in shaping behavior has long been the topic of studies. The history of biological psychology development includes the contributions of Descartes, Fritsch, and Hitzig, Helmholtz, Broca, Gall, and Lashley. One of the most exciting scientific discoveries in the twentieth century was our understanding of nucleic acid through the structures and functions of DNA and RNA. The Human Genome Project—a global collaboration of biotechnology— has greatly advanced our understanding of one of the original questions in biopsychology: Nature or nurture?
Questions To Consider
To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of the business community.

  • What are your thoughts on the practice of psychology? Should a practicing psychologist fall more into the Monism camp or the Dualism camp? Why? How will one view versus the other impact how a psychologist implements therapy? â€¨
  • Consider the concept of neurotransmission, and then apply this concept to the following question:
▪Do you expect one day to have a “magic drink” with a mixture of chemicals that make a consumer “smarter” or â€¨prevent a consumer from neurological or psychological disorders? Why or why not? â€¨Resources Suggested Resources â€¨The following optional resources are provided to support you in completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context. For additional resources, refer to the Research Resources and Supplemental Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom. â€¨Capella Multimedia â€¨Click the links provided below to view the following multimedia pieces: â€¨• Brain Regions and Functions | Transcript . Show More â€¨Library Resources â€¨The following e-books or articles from the Capella University Library are linked directly in this course: â€¨
  • Lask, B., & Frampton, I. (Eds.). (2011). Eating disorders and the brain . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. â€¨
  • Latzer, Y., Merrick, J., & Stein, D. (Eds.). Understanding eating disorders: Integrating culture, psychology â€¨and biology . Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers. â€¨
  • Fox, J., & Goss, K. (Eds.). (2012). Eating and its disorders . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. â€¨Course Library Guide â€¨A Capella University library guide has been created specifically for your use in this course. You are encouraged to refer to the resources in the PSYC-FP4310 – Biological Psychology Library Guide to help direct your research. â€¨Bookstore Resources â€¨The resources listed below are relevant to the topics and assessments in this course and are not required. Unless noted otherwise, these materials are available for purchase from the Capella University Bookstore . When searching the bookstore, be sure to look for the Course ID with the specific –FP (FlexPath) course designation. â€¨• Garrett, B. (2015). Brain & behavior: An introduction to biological psychology (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. â–ªChapter 1, “What is Biopsychology,” the author discusses the origins of biopsychology and genetic influence on behavior.

Chapter 2, “Communication Within the Nervous System,” the author explains how neurons communicate with each other. â€¨
Chapter 3, “The Functions of the Nervous System,” covers the major structures of the nervous system and some of their functions. â€¨
Chapter 4, “The Methods and Ethics of Research,” explores why biopsychology creates ethical concerns.
Assessment Instructions
Write a 2–3-page assessment in which you respond to the following questions about biopsychology and the brain. Use the Capella library to research the material and support your answers. The following questions and statements are the required headings for your assessment; do not incorporate the questions into the content of the answers. â€¨

  1. What is the origin of biopsychology? Who were some of the first theorists?ʉ۬
  2. The brain is complicated and sometimes difficult to understand. Describe the different regions of the brain and the associated functions.
  3. In addition to brain functions, some believe there is aspect known as the mind. What is the mind-brain problem? Where do you fall in this debate (monist or dualist)? Justify your answer.
  4. What are some methods that scientist use today to study the brain? What are the benefits of these methods?
  5. What methods of research have been used to gain the knowledge we have today of the brain?
  6. What are some of the ethical concerns in connection with research in biopsychology and the brain in particular?

Additional Requirements

  • Written Communication: Written communication should be free of errors that detract from the overall message. ¨
  • APA Formatting: Resources and citations should be formatted according to APA (6th edition) style and formatting.
  • Font and Font Size: Times New Roman, 12-point font, and double spaced. Use Microsoft Word to complete the¨assessment.¨
  • Length: Write a minimum of 2 pages, excluding the title page and reference page (150–300 words per question).¨The Brain Scoring Guide â€¨View Scoring Guide Use the scoring guide to enhance your learning. How to use the scoring guide¨