A 14-year-old boy is participating in his school’s track meet; the outdoor temperature is 99°F, and a teacher has found the boy sitting restless in the shade and disoriented to time. The teacher notes that the student has dry skin in spite of the high temperature and the fact that he has recently completed a running event. The teacher calls for the school nurse, who will recognize which of the following potential diagnoses and anticipated hospital treatments?
Answers:
A. Heat exhaustion, likely treated with oral rehydration with cool water
B. Heat stroke, likely treated with rehydration by intravenous hypotonic solution
C. Heat stroke, likely treated with submersion in cold water
D. Heat exhaustion, likely treated with rest, shelter from the sun, and salt tablets

The nurse practitioner working in an overnight sleep lab is assessing and diagnosing patients with sleep apnea. During this diagnostic procedure, the nurse notes that a patient’s blood pressure is 162/97. The nurse explains this connection to the patient based on which of the following pathophysiological principles?
Answers:
A. When airways are obstructed, the body will retain extracellular fluid so that this fluid can be shifted to intravascular space to increase volume.
B. During apneic periods, the patient experiences hypoxemia that stimulates chemoreceptors to induce vasoconstriction.
C. When the patient starts to snore, his epiglottis is closed over the trachea.
D. When the airway is obstructed, specialized cells located in the back of the throat send signals to the kidney to increase pulse rate.