In this assignment, you will investigate the chemical composition of the foods we eat as our bodies break down food by the digestive process. The USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory has posted a resource through which you can investigate the chemical composition of foods.

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SCIENCE/ BIOLOGY

Name: Unit 1 Discussion Board
Deliverable Length: 4-5 paragraphs
Details: Click here for the SCIE 206 Library Research Guide: This guide illustrates how to use the AIU Online Library to find information for SCIE 206 including web resources, encyclopedias, articles, and book databases.
Background: In this assignment, you will investigate the chemical composition of the foods we eat as our bodies break down food by the digestive process.
The USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory has posted a resource through which you can investigate the chemical composition of foods.
Go to the USDA Lab Link at USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/Instructions
1.Type in a keyword, then select a food group using the drop-down arrow, then click “submit.”
2.This pulls up a menu with lots of choices.
3.Choose one food choice, then click “submit”
4.Next choose a portion size, then click “submit”
5.This will bring up the nutritional information needed to complete the assignment.
Example:
•Keyword: Apple
•Select Food Group: Fruits and Fruit Juice
•Apples, raw, with skin.
•One medium
Assignment details:
A. Nutrition: Analyze the nutritional components of the food you select; and in your own words, answer the following questions using the USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory Web site as listed in the unit Web resources:
1.What was the food and portion size you chose?
2. Describe its composition in terms of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
3.How many calories are in your food item? (Found in the Database as Energy – kcal)
4.List some of the most common vitamins and minerals in this food item.
5.Are there other important nutritional components of this food item? If so, list these. If not, say so.
B. Water:
1.How much of your food item is water?
2.Provide one reason why water is important for life. To adequately answer this question, it will be necessary to explain a reason for water’s importance based upon its chemical and /or physical properties.
C. Biological Molecule:
1.State the most abundant category of biological molecule in your food: carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins.
2.Describe the structure of this type of molecule, and its primary function(s). This section will not be a one sentence answer. In order to adequately “describe” an entire category of biological molecules, you will need to briefly review their basic molecular structures and functions.
D. Recommendation:
After identifying the nutritional components, discuss WHY you would or would not recommend this food item as part of a healthy, nutritious diet. Be sure to use references and guidelines such as the Food Pyramid and Recommended Daily Allowances to support your recommendations.
You can go to the USDA interactive Food Pyramid resources to help you analyze nutritional needs. Here is the link: http://www.mypyramid.gov/
Organize and label your DB according to the four assignment parts, A. Nutrition; B. Water; C. Biological Molecules; and D. Recommendation.
Post your DB by responding to the assignment. You may respond to the assignment by selecting the “reply to forum” option and typing your response directly, or you may copy and paste your response into the DB response box.
Provide references in APA format. This includes a reference list and in-text citations for references used throughout the assignment.
Important: Each person in the class should choose a DIFFERENT food item. Read other students’ posts first to see what they have selected and choose a different food item.
In your own words, please post responses to the Discussion Board posts of at least two of your classmates. Responses must be substantive, i.e. say something of substance that advances the discussion about the concepts. You will be graded on the quality of your postings.
For assistance with your assignment, please use your text, the AIU Library, Web resources, and all course materials. Please refer to the following multimedia course material(s).
External Web links:
•Unit 1: USDA National Nutrient Database
•Unit 1: Food Pyramid Guide
For assistance with your assignment, please use your text, Web resources, and all course materials. Please refer to the following material(s):
External Web links:
•Unit 1: The Scientific USDA National Nutrient Database
•Unit 1: Food Pyramid Guide
Points Possible: 75
Date Due: Sunday, May 01, 2011
Objective: •Describe the relationship between chemistry and the characteristics of living things.

Compare and contrast the lytic cycle of infection of a DNA virus and an RNA virus.

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SHORT ESSAYS FOR MICROBIOLOGY

ESSAY. The following should be answered in essay form. Each essay should be at least 300 words.

1. Choose one of the phylogenetic schemes in Figure 10.5 and explain why you feel this one is preferable to the others.
Figure 10.5
2. Use the information given in Table 10.3 to answer questions (a) and (b). Note A=Pseudomonas; B=Escherichia; C=Staphylococcus; D=Neisseria; E=Alcaligenes.
Table 10.3
Organism
Characteristic A B C D E
Morphology Rod Rod Coccus Coccus Rod
Motile Yes Yes No No Yes
Gram Reaction – – + – –
Glucose Utilization Oxid. Ferm. Ferm. Ferm.

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ESSAY. The following should be answered in essay form. Each essay should be at least 300 words.
1. Choose one of the phylogenetic schemes in Figure 10.5 and explain why you feel this one is preferable to the others.
Figure 10.5
2. Use the information given in Table 10.3 to answer questions (a) and (b). Note A=Pseudomonas; B=Escherichia; C=Staphylococcus; D=Neisseria; E=Alcaligenes.
Table 10.3
Organism
Characteristic A B C D E
Morphology Rod Rod Coccus Coccus Rod
Motile Yes Yes No No Yes
Gram Reaction – – + – –
Glucose Utilization Oxid. Ferm. Ferm. Ferm. None
% G+C 58-70 50-51 30-40 47-52 58-70
Cytochrome oxidase Present Absent Absent Present Present
a. Which organisms are most closely related? On what did you base your answer?
b. DNA from which organisms will probably hybridize?
3. One of the advantages of some newly developed rapid identification tools is that pure cultures aren’t needed. Why is a pure culture necessary for biochemical tests such as the Enterotube, but not for DNA probes?
4) Discuss the use of Bergey’s Manual as a tool of (1) classification and (2) identification.
5) Provide a reason to classify bacteria.
6) Bacteroides and Escherichia are both gram-negative rods found in the large intestine. Why are they in different phyla?
7) Provide an explanation for the complex life cycles exhibited by parasitic helminths. Cite specific examples in your discussion.
8) Explain how the presence of algae can indicate either pollution or productivity of a body of water.
9) Bacteriophages are used as vectors in genetic engineering to insert new genes into bacteria. Describe the process that makes this genetic recombination possible.
10) Compare and contrast the lytic cycle of infection of a DNA virus and an RNA virus.
11) Why was it previously believed that only DNA viruses could cause cancer? How can RNA viruses cause cancer?
12) You are growing Bacillus subtilis in nine 16,000-liter fermenters to produce enzymes…
Attachments:

For a gene with 8 exons, assuming all exons are included in the transcript, how many possibilities for resulting transcript are there with alternative splicing ?

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BIOLOGY 2

See attached questions. Please let me know if you need supporting notes. I like to try a different expert than the one last time.

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Q. 1 For a gene with 8 exons, assuming all exons are included in the transcript, how many possibilities for resulting transcript are there with alternative splicing ?Assume exons can be placed in any order. Show the solution
Q.2 What is the amount of energy that is expended in each of the four steps of the Yourke DNA machine (presented in lecture 2) if C-G binds with an energy of -1.7kcal/mole and A-T binds with an energy of -1.5kcal/mol ? Assume 1 mol of the machine is present. Show the solution
Q.3 To support 20 cycles of PCR in which you start with a single double strand where each strand is 3000 bases, what concentration of each nucleotide would you need to start with assuming each of the nucleotides is distributed throughout the DNA randomly ? Show the solution.
Attachments:

How do you think ferritin expression is regulated? Briefly explain

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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Please help me answer these questions.

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1 At least 2 questions from this section will be on the final exam SAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR THE FINAL EXAM Question 1. Ferritin is a protein involved in the storage of iron inside cells. To prevent toxic accumulation of too much iron inside cells, the intracellular level of ferritin is tightly regulated. To study the regulation of ferritin synthesis, mammalian cells are grown with or without iron in the culture medium. Note that iron in the culture medium is rapidly transported inside cells. a) Upon addition of iron to the culture medium, the intracellular concentration of ferritin mRNA is unchanged but the concentration of ferritin protein increases. How do you think ferritin expression is regulated? Briefly explain. The regulatory sequence given below is found in the ferritin mRNA between the cap structure and the start codon. 5’-GGGUUUCCGUUCAACAGUGCUUGGACGGAAACCC-3’ Mutations within in this sequence are used to study the regulation of ferritin expression. The following observation are made: • ferritin expression is high, independent of the iron concentration, when (i) the entire region is deleted, or (ii) the region located upstream of the underlined sequence is deleted or (iii) the underlined sequence is replaced with a random sequence. • ferritin expression remains iron-dependent when this region is replaced by the following sequence: 5’-GGGCUCAGGUUCAACAGUGCUUGGACCUGAGCCC-3’. Note that the sequence differences are indicated in bold. b) Explain why these observations suggest that both sequence and structure of the 5’ end of ferritin mRNA are important for the regulation of ferritin expression. c) Ferritin translation becomes iron-independent when the regulatory sequence is moved from the 5’ side (upstream of the open reading frame) to the 3’ side (downstream of the open reading frame) of ferritin mRNA. Which step of ferritin translation do you think is affected by the intracellular level of iron? d) IRP is a protein involved in the regulation of ferritin expression….