Your goal is to describe the way in which an evolutionary change might occur for a particular characteristic (trait) of that species as a result of natural selection

/in /by

BIOLOGY

According to the Theory of Evolution, Natural Selection is the mechanism by which evolution occurs.The process of Natural selection is based on the following four postulates (listed in your textbook on page 288):
Postulate 1 – Individual members of a population differ from one another in many respects.
Postulate 2 – At least some of the differences among members of a population are due to characteristics that may be passed from parent to offspring. That is, they are heritable or genetic.
Postulate 3 – In each generation, some individuals in a population survive and reproduce successfully but others do not.
Postulate 4 – The fate of individuals is not determined by luck. Instead, an individual’s likelihood of survival and reproduction depends on its characteristics. Individuals with advantageous traits survive longest and leave the most offspring, a process known as Natural Selection.
Choose an animal species. Your goal is to describe the way in which an evolutionary change might occur for a particular characteristic (trait) of that species as a result of natural selection. The characteristic could be something like coloration pattern, length of the limbs, or size of the teeth or beak, or any measurable trait that is inherited

Do you expect any colonies on the plates? Explain

/in /by

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT

I have attached a document containing the assignment. I ONLY need part 1 completed, NOT part 2. Part 1 is 2 questions each with 2 parts, so 4 questions. The assignment is designed to take approx. 1 hour.Thank you

Document Preview:

BIOS S12 -2011 PROBLEM SET #2 DUE DATE JULY 12 Part I is assigned to students registered for undergraduate and graduate credit whereas part II is only assigned to graduate students. Part I (25 points) Question 1 (12 points) The plasmid diagrammed below contains several unique restriction sites (E,X, and S), a restriction site present twice in the plasmid (A), a gene that confers resistance to ampicillin (AmpR), a gene that confers resistance to kanamycin (KanR) and an origin of replication (Ori). 1) The plasmid (3500 bp in length) is digested with EcoRI and XbaI. We assume that the loss of nucleotides located between the two restriction sites is negligible. a) A fragment of DNA (F, 500 bp in length) was obtained by digestion of genomic DNA with the restriction enzymes EcoRI and SpeI. The cleaved plasmid and cleaved fragment F are mixed together, and then treated with DNA ligase. Bacteria, unable to grow in the presence of kanamycin and ampicillin, were transformed with the ligation mixture. Transformed bacteria are plated either on dishes containing ampicillin or on dishes containing kanamycin. Do you expect any colonies on the plates? Explain (4 pts) b) In a different experiment, you wanted to create a modified version of the plasmid.
You digested the original plasmid with restriction enzyme A, purified the longer piece of DNA resulting from the digestion and treated the purified DNA with ligase. Then, bacteria unable to grow in the presence of kanamycin and ampicillin were transformed with the ligation mixture. Due to some technical problem, the purified piece of DNA is contaminated with copies of the original plasmid. Therefore the bacteria were transformed with a mixture of the original and the modified plasmid. Describe how you would quickly select bacteria transformed by the modified plasmid without extracting and sequencing the plasmid from transformed bacteria. (4 pts) 2) Assuming that you got bacterial colonies in the experiment described in part 1a. You…

What is the significance of the first and last codons of an mRNA transcript?

/in /by

UNIT 3 BIOLOGY IP

Assignment Type: Individual ProjectDeliverable Length: Three parts – submitted in the Graphic Organizer,  Points Possible: 125Due Date: 1/25/2013 11:59:59 PM  CT
Complete all three parts and answer all questions.
Download
https://mycampus.aiu-online.com/courses/SCIE206/Assignment_Assets/U3IP_Graphic_Organizer.docGraphic Organizer for answering all questions and genetics exercises in this assignment.

Document Preview:

Assignment Type: Individual Project Deliverable Length: Three parts – submitted in the Graphic Organizer,  Points Possible: 125Due Date: 1/25/2013 11:59:59 PM  CT
Complete all three parts and answer all questions.
Download
https://mycampus.aiu-online.com/courses/SCIE206/Assignment_Assets/U3IP_Graphic_Organizer.docGraphic Organizer for answering all questions and genetics exercises in this assignment.
Part I: Genetics – From Genes to Proteins, Mutations
Background: DNA represents the architectural blueprint for all living systems, encoding specific instructions in the sequence of its four nitrogen-containing base pairs that are necessary for building the organism.
During the process of transcription, the information in the DNA codons of a gene is transcribed into RNA.
A change in the DNA sequence, for example as a result of a “mistake” during DNA replication, is defined as a mutation. Mutations may result in a change in the “blueprint,” which may then change the resulting protein product.
Assignment details for part one:
Transcribe and translate EACH of the three following DNA gene sequences. Turn these in using the graphic organizer. The letters represent the DNA N-base sequences of the genes.
The first is the original gene. The next two are mutations of the original. Note that the changes (mutations) are shown in red.
Original Gene sequence 3′-T A C C C T T T A G T A G C C A C T-5
Mutated gene sequence 1 3’-T A C G C T T T A G T A G C C A T T-5′
Mutated gene sequence 2 3’-T A A C C T T T A C T A G G C A C T-5’
Also, answer the following questions:
What is the significance of the first and last codons of an mRNA transcript?
What meaning do these mRNA codons have for protein synthesis?
Did the mutations result in a change in the final proteins? If so, describe the change.
In general, why might a change in amino acid sequence affect protein function?
Part II: Inheritance of Traits or Genetic Disorders
Background: Cystic fibrosis is an inherited…

Differentiate between humoral and cell mediated responses, and develop an example that would involve the activation of both systems, and explain how the two systems would work together

/in /by

MICROBIOLOGY

Unit 6
1. Why do you think specificity; heterogeneity (diversity), memory, and self-vs. Oneself recognition is vital to the immune system?
2. Define phagocytosis. How do some bacteria avoid or survive the action of phagocytes? How does the phagocyte arrive at the site where it is needed? What happens to a phagocyte after the majority of microorganisms and damaged tissue have been eliminated?
3.

Document Preview:

Unit 6
1. Why do you think specificity; heterogeneity (diversity), memory, and self-vs. Oneself recognition is vital to the immune system?
2. Define phagocytosis. How do some bacteria avoid or survive the action of phagocytes? How does the phagocyte arrive at the site where it is needed? What happens to a phagocyte after the majority of microorganisms and damaged tissue have been eliminated?
3. The “clichĂŠ” “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” means that preventing a disease is less costly economically and to the health of the host than treating the disease once it has occurred. Draw a flow chart (or list) showing the connections between reservoirs of infection; modes of transmission; host susceptibility factors, and portals of entry. These are the steps in the disease cycle that precede the infection of the host. Are there ways of preventing host infection by halting the pathogen at these points? Discuss each step, and what measures can be used to eliminate the treat of potential disease at each point.
4. A new bacterium has been secretly engineered and released by aerosol (spray) into the populace of a large metropolitan city as part of a terrorist scheme. This bacterium produces a lethal neurotoxin; several horrific enzymes; grows rapidly; and has a capsule. After several days, no unusual illnesses have been reported and the terrorists’ scheme failed. What factors could the bioengineers have overlooked? EXPLAIN your answer.
5. Differentiate between humoral and cell mediated responses, and develop an example that would involve the activation of both systems, and explain how the two systems would work together, (or not!).
6. How can those microbes cause disease? What are mechanisms of pathogenicity? How do we study and research disease?
7. Explain a penicillin reaction, what is happening, how is the reaction triggered, and what is the allergen?
8. List and briefly discuss the obstacles that must be overcome to produce and AIDS vaccine. (The…