. A nucleotide is

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Bio 241 Quiz #3 March 22, 2018
Print First and Last Name _______________________________________
I. Multiple Choice: Read each question carefully and select the one best answer for each
question. Write your answer using CAPITAL LETTERS on the line in front of each question.
Questions will be counted wrong if the answer is not written on the line. (1 point each)
_____1. Which of the following is incorrect? A. RNA polymerase – makes a molecule of RNA from an RNA template B. DNA polymerase – makes a molecule of DNA from a DNA template C. DNA ligase – joins segments of DNA D. DNA gyrase (topoisomerase) – releases overwinding strain and untwists DNA E. All of the above are correct.
_____2. A nucleotide is A. a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base B. a sugar with an attached base containing nitrogen C. a six-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base D. a nitrogen-containing base with an attached five-carbon sugar E. A is correct for DNA and C is correct for RNA
_____3. In DNA synthesis, the primer is synthesized by A. RNA polymerase B. DNA polymerase I C. DNA polymerase III D. Helicase E. DNA gyrase
_____4. Which molecule remains in the nucleus during translation for eukaryotes? A. tRNA B. mRNA C. rRNA D. DNA E. None of the above answers are correct
_____5. What is the effect of a missense mutation in a gene? A. It has no effect on the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein. B. It introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA. C. It alters the reading frame of the mRNA. D. It prevents introns from being excised. E. It changes an amino acid in the encoded protein.
_____6. Because the synthesis of DNA consists of ½ original DNA and ½ new DNA, DNA replication is said to be
A. discontinuous B. antiparallel C. semiconservative D. complimentary
_____7. In DNA synthesis, the enzyme that erases the primer and fills the gaps with DNA is called
A. DNA ligase B. DNA polymerase I C. DNA polymerase III D. Helicase E. DNA gyrase
_____8. The enzyme responsible for synthesis of leading and lagging strands is A. DNA polymerase I B. DNA polymerase III C. RNA polymerase D. Helicase
_____9. In transcription, as the ribosome translocates along an mRNA molecule by one codon, which of the following occurs?
A. The tRNA that was in the A site moves into the P site. B. The tRNA that was in the P site moves into the A site. C. The tRNA that was in the A site moves to the E site and is released. D. The tRNA that was in the A site departs from the ribosome via a tunnel.
_____10. The genetic code used during translation is based on a 3-nucleotide sequence found on the
A. anti-codon region of tRNA molecules B. codons of mRNA molecules C. codons of rRNA D. RNA promoter E. coding strand of DNA
_____11. What signal causes translation to end? A. a promoter B. RNA polymerase C. An AUG codon D. a termination sequence E. a stop codon
_____12. The pentose in RNA differs from DNA because RNA has A. a hydroxyl (OH) group attached to the number 3’ carbon. B. a hydroxyl (OH) group attached to the number 2’ carbon. C. a hydrogen (H) group attached to the number 3’ carbon. D. a hydrogen (H) group attached to the number 2’ carbon. E. Both B and C are true
_____13. The 3′ end of RNA A. refers to the end that has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 3 carbon on ribose. B. forms a phosphodiester bond with the 5′ phosphate group of the incoming nucleotide. C. refers to the end that has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 2 carbon on ribose. D. Both A and B are true E. Both B and C are true
_____14. At the beginning of transcription, the enzyme responsible for transcription binds to a site on the DNA (in front of the gene) called the
A. Intron B. Exon C. Promoter D. AUG start site E. Codon
_____15. Which strand of the DNA molecule below is the template strand for Promoter 1? A. Red (top) strand B. Blue (bottom) strand C. Both strands can serve as the template strand D. Not enough information to determine
II. Fill in the blank. Label the DNA replication fork. (1 point each)
1. In the above diagram of a DNA replication fork, which letter represents the leading
strand?
2. In the above diagram, which letter represents the lagging strand?
3. In the above diagram, which letter represents a 5’ end?
4. In the above diagram, which letter represents a 3’ end?
5. In the above diagram, which letter represents where ligase would work?
If you felt overwhelmed by this quiz, make sure that you attend the BIOL241
SI sessions and utilize your instructor’s office hours!

What is the function of a sigma factor

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Chapters 7 & 8 Study Guide
Provide a detailed response to each essay question. With each question is a helpful hint in red. Make
sure that you answer the actual question…..not just the hint! Write out complete essays in your
BIOL241 notebook.
1. Sample #1 DNA sequence is composed of 10% T. Sample #2 DNA sequence is composed of 40% T. Which sample of DNA will denature the fastest when exposed to high temperature?
Explain why. Hint: The maximum % is 100%. What is the relationship between the number of
AT bonds and GC bonds when it comes to DNA denaturation?
2. What is the function of a sigma factor? Explain why knowing the orientation of a promoter is critical when determining the amino acid sequence of an encoded protein. Hint: What
determines which DNA strands functions as the template strand or the coding strand?
3. Why are semiconservative replication and degeneracy of the genetic code advantageous to the survival of species? Hint: Look at the genetic code of leucine. What would happen if there
was a mutation that resulted in a mRNA codon changing from CUC to CUA?
4. A student sequences DNA and discovers a point mutation in the intron of a segment coding for protein X. Explain what will be the effect of this mutation on protein X. Hint: What is the
difference between an intron and exon?
5. A student wants to study the effects of UV light-induced thymine dimers. Bacteria are exposed to UV light. If the student wants to maximize the amount of thymine dimers, she should
incubate the bacteria in the dark, light or it does not make a difference? Explain. Hint: Review
how mutations caused by UV light are repaired in bacteria.
6. Why is deleting one nucleotide generally more harmful in terms of mutational change than deleting three nucleotide? Hint: Review the types of mutations.
7. You are trying to isolate the mRNA for a gene encoding an enzyme that degrades the sugar mannitol in a species of Staphylococcus aureus. You are having problems with your
experiments because the organism does not produce the enzyme when grow under optimum lab
conditions and on complex media, such as nutrient broth or tryptic soy agar plates. Based on
your knowledge of operons in the regulation of prokaryotic gene expression, what would be the
best way to increase the amount of the desired enzyme? Explain why. Hint: Review the
regulation of inducible operons. What signal(s) are required to induce their function?
8. Why is replica plating used to isolate an auxotrophic mutant from a prototrophic parent? Hint: How are the two mutants different from one another? What mechanisms are used to isolate
them in the lab?
9. Explain why genetic changes have a more profound effect and are more easily observed in prokaryotes then in eukaryotes. Which has a longer-lived effect on a cell, a change in the
genotype or a change in the phenotype? Explain. Hint: What does it mean to be diploid?
What does it mean to be haploid? What is likely to be a more permanent effect – a change in
the DNA or a change in how the gene is expressed?
10. Why are mutation and recombination important in the process of natural selection and the evolution of organisms? Hint: What is the role of genetic diversity in natural selection and
evolution?

Future of IT

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Future of IT
You have just been hired as the chief informatics officer (CIO) for a new health system. The health system has 23 acute care facilities and 36 outpatient clinics. It serves as a regional referral center for three states in the Midwest.
Your installed base includes a vendor-supplied EHR from a national firm. Work on the data warehouse is just beginning. You have more than 300 varying applications across sites, including everything from a stand-alone pharmacy application for drug interactions to a cancer registry.
Your goal is to provide IT support for the organizational vision of being the premier health organization in patient safety for the region. One of the first things you want to do is to plan for the future of IT.
Given the information pertaining to the future directions of health informatics discussed in this chapter, select the two directions you want to emphasize. Describe these two directions in detail, providing a rationale for your choices. In your post, please cite any sources used, following APA formatting for citing sources.

DNA, The Molecule of Life

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sci question

Name:       Sec:
Chapter 6: DNA, The Molecule of Life
Module 6.1. DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.
1. The molecule of heredity is      .
2. Which of the following is used to construct DNA?
A) |_| chromosomes
B) |_| nucleotides
C) |_| double helix
D) |_| carbohydrates
3. Create double stranded DNA, by filling in the complementary bases:
A
T
T
G
A
C
4. Match the following terms with their appropriate descriptions: double helix, nucleic acid, nucleotide, backbone.
A) Molecules that contain information to make proteins
B) Consists of a base, five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate
C) Structure of a double-stranded molecule of DNA
D) Identical among all DNA molecules
5. Complete the following diagram of a nucleotide with the terms: phosphate group, sugar group, base group:
     

6. Overall, a molecule of DNA has a negative charge. Which component of DNA gives it this charge?

7. A gene is a specific section of DNA that contains the instructions to make a protein. If all molecules of DNA contain a phosphate group, a deoxyribose, and a base, propose an explanation for how the information to make a protein is coded within the DNA molecule.

8. If thymine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percentage of the bases is guanine?
A) |_| 80%
B) |_| 60%
C) |_| 30%
D) |_| 20%
Module 6.2. During DNA replication, a cell duplicates its chromosomes.
9. If one polynucleotide strand of DNA has ACTTGACTAGCTA as its sequence of bases, what would be the sequence of bases on the opposing strand?

10. True or False; If false, make a true statement: DNA must be precisely copied prior to being passed on to the next generation

11. The process by which a molecule of DNA is copied is known as      .
12. Complete the following diagram, which illustrates the nature of DNA replication. Use the following terms: parent double-stranded DNA, daughter double-stranded DNA, template strands, newly synthesized strands. Note some terms may be used more than once.





13. The following diagram uses colors to illustrate the replication of a chromosome. Use your knowledge of DNA replication to determine whether or not the illustration is accurate. If it is not accurate, briefly explain how to make it correct.

14. Place the following steps of DNA replication in the proper order: DNA fragments are fused together; double helix is pulled apart; new strands of DNA are synthesized.
1.
2.
3.
15. A drug that inhibits DNA ligase but not DNA polymerase is added to a cell. Explain how DNA replication would be affected as a result of this drug.

Module 6.3. DNA directs the production of proteins via RNA.
16. True or False; if false make a true statement: Nucleic acids store the information to make carbohydrates.

17. Two types of nucleic acids that are found in all cells are       and      .
18. Which of the following is found in all nucleotides?
A) |_| Phosphate group
B) |_| Ribose
C) |_| Deoxyribose
D) |_| Uracil
19. Is the following diagram a nucleotide of DNA, RNA, or could it be either one? Briefly explain your answer.

20. Complete the following table, which compares and contrasts the structures of DNA and RNA.

DNA RNA
Unique to…

Common both DNA and RNA

21. Certain viruses, like HIV, actually contain RNA. When a virus of this type takes over a host cell, it makes DNA from its RNA. The viral DNA is then used to make an RNA copy, which is used to make viral proteins. In all cells, the flow of genetic information is from DNA RNA proteins. What is the flow of information in viruses (which are not considered cells) like HIV?

22. You are a biochemist and have been given a test tube containing a small amount of nucleic acid. You have been asked to determine whether it is DNA or RNA. Which of the following would be a characteristic that indicates RNA? Hint: There may be more than one correct answer.
A) |_| Presence of uracil, but no thymine
B) |_| Presence of guanine, but no cytosine
C) |_| Presence of phosphate, but no nitrogen
D) |_| Presence of ribose, but no deoxyribose
Module 6.4. Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein
23. True or False; If false, make a true statement: The nucleotide sequence in DNA through the process of information flow comes to produce your characteristics.

24. Correct the following: RNA protein DNA
     
25. Complete the following diagram, which represents the flow of genetic information in a cell. Use the terms: transcription, translation, DNA, RNA, protein, ribosome, nucleus, cytoplasm, nuclear membrane, nuclear pore. Note that “D” is on the structure behind the arrow, and “E” is on the arrow.
 
J
I
G
H
F
E
D
C
B
A
a.       f.
b.       g.
c.       h.
d.       i.
e.       j.
26. Translation converts the information stored in       into      .
A) |_| DNA; RNA
B) |_| RNA; a protein
C) |_| protein; DNA
D) |_| protein; RNA
27. Briefly explain why you think “mRNA” is a good name for the RNA copy made from DNA.

28. Complete the following table, which compares transcription and translation.

Transcription Translation
Location

Description

29. If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC, transcription will result in which of the following?
A) |_| Single RNA strand with the sequence TTCGAG
B) |_| DNA strand with the sequence TTCGAG
C) |_| Single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG
D) |_| DNA strand with the sequence AAGCTC
30. A series of three nucleotides that specifies an amino acid is a(n)      .
31. A student is given a sequence of DNA as follows: AACTAGCTAGCT, and is asked to provide the mRNA copy that would be made from that sequence during transcription. The student provides the following sequence: TTGATCGATCGA. Is this the correct sequence? If not, explain why it is incorrect and fix it.

Module 6.5. Transcription creates a molecule of RNA from a molecule of DNA
32.       is the process by which information stored in DNA is copied into mRNA.
33. List the following steps of transcription in order: RNA polymerase makes RNA; mRNA leaves the nucleus; RNA polymerase binds the promoter; RNA splicing.
1.
2.
3.
4.
34. Complete the following diagram, which illustrates the process of transcription. Use the terms: DNA polymerase, promotor, DNA
 
C
B
A
a. 
b. 
c. 
35. The template strand is the DNA strand directly used by the RNA polymerase to make the RNA copy. You are given the following mRNA sequence: AUGCUGAUU. Are you able to determine the sequence of bases on the DNA strand that was not transcribed? Briefly explain your answer either way. (Note: DNA is double stranded. During replication it is unwound and only one strand serves as the template strand. You are being asked if you can determine the sequence of the non-template strand).

36. A gene has a sequence of DNA in front of it that directs the RNA polymerase where to begin transcription. This sequence of DNA is the:
A) |_|transcription
B) |_|promoter
C) |_|terminator
D) |_|RNA splicing
37. You are a graduate student at the University of Iowa and working as a teaching assistant for a freshman introductory biology course. Two of your students have come to you with a question about the sequence of an mRNA transcribed from a gene. The original DNA sequence from which the mRNA was transcribed reads: TGACGATCGTA. The students were asked to provide the sequence of bases in the mRNA and came up with the following mRNA sequence: ACTGCTAGCAT. They are confused because their answer does not match the answer in the book. Briefly explain the very common mistake they made and what the correct sequence would be.

38. True or False; If false, make a true statement: The terminator is the sequence of DNA in front of the gene that tells the RNA polymerase where to begin transcription.

39. List three ways in which mRNA is modified after transcription:
1.
2.
3.
40. Are introns and exons found in DNA or RNA?

Module 6.6. Translation involves the coordination of three kinds of RNA.
41. True or False; If false, make a true statement: The process of translation occurs within the cytoplasm on a cellular structure known as the mitochondrion.

42. Which of the following RNA molecules is a component of ribosomes?
A) |_| mRNA
B) |_| rRNA
C) |_| tRNA
D) |_| All of the above
43. A set of three nucleotides that specifies an amino acid is called a(n)      .
44. Which of the following RNA molecules is involved in the process of translation?
A) |_| mRNA
B) |_| rRNA
C) |_| tRNA
D) |_| All of the above
45. Complete the following diagram, which illustrates a ribosome:

 


46. Complete the following table, which compares the different kinds of RNA.

mRNA rRNA tRNA
Function


47. Briefly explain why a molecule of tRNA makes a good translator during the process of translation. Be sure to use the terms codon, anticodon, amino acid.
     
48. According to the table of the genetic code shown here, changing the second base of the codon
A) |_| always changes the amino acid that is encoded.
B) |_| never changes the amino acid that is encoded.
C) |_| sometimes changes the amino acid that is encoded.
D) |_| changes all of the above as noted.
49. What codon does every mRNA molecule have in common? What amino acid begins every polypeptide? Use the chart below:
 

50. Match the description to the molecule(s). Each choice should be used only once.
A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. tRNA
D. More than one of the above.
E. None of the above.
A molecule of this will always have an equal percentage of A and G, and an equal percentage of C and T
Has an anticodon and carries an amino acid
Serves as a messenger for taking genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Is involved in the process of translation
Is a component of ribosomes
51. How many codons are in the following mRNA sequence:
AUGGGGCAGGUAUGA

52. Use the information from question 49 to determine how many amino acids would be in the polypeptide produced from that mRNA.

Module 6.7. Translation creates a molecule of protein via the genetic code
53. True or False; If false, make a true statement: Ribosomes are part of the cytoplasm.

54. Place the following steps of translation in order: elongation, termination, initiation.
1.
2.
3.
55. Translation takes place in the ______ on a _________.
A) |_| nucleus; ribosome
B) |_| cytoplasm; ribosome
C) |_| nucleus; mitochondria
D) |_|cytoplasm; lysosome
56. A drug that changes the AUG codon to UAC would most likely have what effect on translation? Be brief but specific in your answer.

57. If three DNA bases of the template strand are AGT, what is the anticodon of the tRNA that brings the amino acid?
A) |_| UCA
B) |_| TCU
C) |_| AGU
D) |_| TCA
58. Complete the following table, which compares the different stages of translation.

Initiation Elongation Termination
Description