What Has Epidemiology Taught US About AIDS?

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Chapter 6 Discussion – What Has Epidemiology Taught US About AIDS?

Chapter 6 Epidemiology of HIV
Epidemiology is the study of patterns of disease occurrence
in populations, and the factors that affect them.
Epidemiology of HIV is The study of how HIV moves
between individuals, and its effects on populations.
Allows you to consider very large data sets to generate
statistically meaningful data.
Epidemiological studies give information about
populations, not about specific individuals.
Benefits of epidemiology
Identify new diseases
Identify populations at risk for a disease
Identify possible causative agents
Identify factors or behaviors that determine the risk for a disease, and also determine the relative importance of that factor in causing the disease
Rule out factors or behaviors as causes
Evaluate therapies
Guide the development of effective public health measures and preventative strategies
Types of epidemiological studies
1. Descriptive studies – gathers data from existing
or previous epidemics
2. Analytical studies – builds upon quantitative data
from existing or previous epidemics
Types of Descriptive studies
Descriptive studies – gathers data from existing
or previous epidemics
Look for clustering by person, place, time,
or a combination.
Case Reports/Case Report Series
Cross-sectional/Prevalence Studies
Types of Analytical studies
Analytical studies – quantitative data from existing
or previous epidemics
Experimental/Interventional Studies
Observational Studies
Analytical studies – quantitative data from existing
or previous epidemics
Correlations – studies may show different outcomes.
Possibilities:
There is no causal relationship
There is an indirect relationship
There is a direct causal relationship
What type of associations are needed to show a casual relationship?
Types of Analytical studies
Criteria for a causal relationship:
Strength of the association between the factor and
the disease. The strongest collation would be if everyone who with the factor gets the disease, and no one without the factor does. Perfect correlation is rarely achieved.
The association is consistent. The same correlation is observed in other studies under different circumstances.
The association has the correct time relationship. Exposure to the agent must occur before the onset of the disease.
The association has a biological plausibility. The association of the factor with the disease must make biological sense.
Types of Analytical studies
The following slides show examples of the type of information that can be obtained
from analytical studies using
epidemiological data
New AIDS conversions in the US by year: 1978-2010
AIDS Distribution by
Risk Group
AIDS Distribution by Ethnicity
Relative Risk of Unprotected Anal Sex
AIDS Cases by Risk Group
has changed over time
AIDS Cases by Ethnicity
has changed over time
Worldwide distribution of HIV Infection 2008-2009

How To Read And Interpret Public Health Data

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Epidemiology Assignment 5 – How To Read And Interpret Public Health Data: Graphs And Tables

Read the following sections of the CDC Online Epidemiology Manual:
Lesson 3: Measures of Risk: https://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson3/index.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Section 1: Frequency Measures:
Section 5: Measures of Association
Read Lesson 4 in the CDC Online Epidemiology Manual:
https://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson4/index.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Section 2: Tables
Section 3: Graphs
Section 4: Other Data Displays
Epidemiology Assignment 5 – Module 6.docx
The main goal of this week’s Epidemiology project is to help you become familiar with how Public Health data is analyzed, displayed, and interpreted. Chapter 6 of the textbook is filled with graphs and charts to express the findings of many epidemiology studies. This worksheet is designed to help you become comfortable with the many different concepts that epidemiologists deal with on a daily basis. If you want to play around with this a little more, I’ve included a couple of optional extra credit graphs for you to make yourself on Excel.

What are three types of cancers that are specifically AIDS-related?

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Quiz Ch.5

1. What are three types of cancers that are specifically AIDS-related? Choose 3 answers from the following list.
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Cervical cancer
Lymphoma
Lung cancer
Brain cancer
2. What are the three main clinical stages of HIV infection? Choose 3 answers from the following list.
Exposure
Initial infection and the asymptomatic period
Initial symptoms
Immunological damage
Death
3. Many AIDS patients have opportunistic infections, beginning in the early immune failure stage and progressing to full blown AIDS. List 3 or more of the AIDS defining symptoms associated with full blown AIDS, and explain why these generally kill the patients, when the infections associated with early immune failure generally do not. (This is a thought question. You won’t find a direct answer in the book)
4. A patient presents with swollen lymph nodes and fever. He tests negative in the HIV antibody test but high levels of HIV are detected in his blood by PCR. His CD4 T cell count is within the normal range. What is your diagnosis?
Asymptomatic HIV infection
Early immune failure
Acute phase seronegative HIV
End stage AIDS
5. How long does it usually take before an untreated HIV-infected individual develops symptoms of AIDS?
10-12 years
1 year
2 years
20 years
6. Which class of anti AIDS drugs is used to prevent the virus from integrating into the host genome so that it can live indefinitely in a dormant state inside the host.
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Protease inhibitor
Integrase inhibitor
7. Which class of drug interferes with the maturation of the virus by preventing a long nonfunctional polypeptide from being cut into three separate functional proteins?
Fusion inhibitor
Integrase inhibitor
Protease inhibitor
CCR5 inhibitor
8. What is the approximate annual cost of triple combination therapy for HIV infection?
$2,000
$5,000
$15,000
$25,000
9. Will triple combination therapies be useful in treating HIV infection in developing countries? Explain your answer.
10. What is the major limitation in the use of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ( NRTIs) for AIDS treatment?

Phylogenetic tree matrix and solved tree

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Discussion
Phylogenetic tree matrix and solved tree Due May 3, 2018 (last day of class) or earlier as a HARD copy Evolution, Spring 2018 10 points This assignment is a “second chance” for completing a matrix and phylogenetic tree. It is worth 10.0 points and is considered part of Exam 1, which means Exam 1 is worth a total of 90 points (see syllabus). I will assign up to 2.0 extra credit points for exceptional work. Please follow the instructions. Let me know if you have any questions. INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Choose at least five (5) taxa including an outgroup. For example, if you’re interested in mammals you would choose at least four mammals and an obvious outgroup such as fish, insect, plant, etc. Justify the use of your specific outgroup in 1-2 sentences.
2. Find at least five (5) characters (remember they must be homologous) and generate a matrix. Remember that the informative characters are synapomorphies.
3. Using your matrix, build a fully resolved phylogenetic tree and map character evolution onto this framework.