Maladaptive Responses to Immune Disorders Discussion Paper

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Maladaptive Responses to Immune Disorders Discussion Paper
Maladaptive responses to disorders are compensatory mechanisms that ultimately have adverse health effects for patients. For instance, a patient’s allergic reaction to peanuts might lead to anaphylactic shock, or a patient struggling with depression might develop a substance abuse problem. To properly diagnose and treat patients, advanced practice nurses must understand both the pathophysiology of disorders and potential maladaptive responses that some disorders cause.
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Consider immune disorders such as HIV, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus E. What are resulting maladaptive responses for patients with these disorders? Maladaptive Responses to Immune Disorders Discussion Paper.
To Prepare
· Review Chapter 6 and Chapter 8 in the Huether and McCance text. Reflect on the concept of maladaptive responses to disorders.
· Select two of the following immune disorders: HIV, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, or systemic lupus E (SLE). Maladaptive Responses to Immune Disorders Discussion Paper.
· Identify the pathophysiology of each disorder you selected. Consider the compensatory mechanisms that the disorders trigger. Then compare the resulting maladaptive and physiological responses of the two disorders.
· Select one of the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Reflect on how the factor might impact your selected immune disorders. Maladaptive Responses to Immune Disorders Discussion Paper.
Post a brief description of the pathophysiology of your selected immune disorders. Explain how the maladaptive and physiological responses of the two disorders differ. Finally, explain how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of each disorder. Maladaptive Responses to Immune Disorders Discussion Paper.

Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes

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Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes
Identify a research or evidence-based article that focuses comprehensively on a specific intervention or new diagnostic tool for the treatment of diabetes in adults or children.
In a Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes of 750-1,000 words, summarize the main idea of the research findings for a specific patient population. Research must include clinical findings that are current, thorough, and relevant to diabetes and the nursing practice.
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Prepare this Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes  assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes  assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.
You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin. Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes

Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes Rubric

Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project—Paper on Diabetes 

  1 Unsatisfactory 0-71% 0.00% 2 Less Than Satisfactory 72-75% 75.00% 3 Satisfactory 76-79% 79.00% 4 Good 80-89% 89.00% 5 Excellent 90-100% 100.00%
80.0 %Content  
30.0 %Research or Evidence-Based Article Identified. Article Focuses on a Specific Diabetic Intervention or New Diagnostic Tool. Research or evidence-based article not identified. Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes Research or evidence-based article identified but does not address a specific diabetic intervention or diagnostic tool. Research or evidence-based article identified that focuses on a specific diabetic intervention or diagnostic tool in general. Research or evidence-based article identified that focuses on a specific diabetic intervention and a diagnostic tool. Research or evidence-based article identified that focuses on a specific diabetic intervention or diagnostic tool in a comprehensive manner, allowing all criteria of assignment to be fully addressed.
50.0 %Summary of Article Includes the Following Content: Discussion of Research Performed Clinical Findings, and Significance to Nursing Practice. Content is incomplete or omits most of the requirements stated in the assignment criteria. Does not demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles. Does not demonstrate critical thinking and analysis of the overall program subject. Content is incomplete or omits some requirements stated in the assignment criteria. Demonstrates shallow understanding of the basic principles only a surface level of evaluation is offered, methods are described but flawed or unrealistic and strategies are discussed, but incomplete. Content is complete, but somewhat inaccurate and/or irrelevant. Demonstrates adequate understanding of the basic principles. Reasonable but limited inferences and conclusions are drawn but lack development. Supporting research is inadequate in relevance, quality, and/or currentness. Content is comprehensive and accurate, and definitions are clearly stated. Sections form a cohesive logical and justified whole. Shows careful planning and attention to details and illuminates relationships. Research is adequate, current, and relevant, and addresses all of the issues stated in the assignment criteria. Content is comprehensive. Presents ideas and information beyond that presented through the course, and substantiates their validity through solid, academic research where appropriate. Research is thorough, current, and relevant, and addresses all of the issues stated in assignment criteria. Final paper exhibits the process of creative thinking and development of proposal. Applies framework of knowledge, practice and sound research. Shows careful planning and attention to how disparate elements fit together.
15.0 %Organization and Effectiveness  
5.0 %Thesis Development and Purpose Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim. Thesis and/or main claim are insufficiently developed and/or vague; purpose is not clear. Thesis and/or main claim are apparent and appropriate to purpose. Thesis and/or main claim are clear and forecast the development of the paper. It is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose. Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive; contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.
5.0 %Paragraph Development and Transitions Paragraphs and transitions consistently lack unity and coherence. No apparent connections between paragraphs are established. Transitions are inappropriate to purpose and scope. Organization is disjointed. Some paragraphs and transitions may lack logical progression of ideas, unity, coherence, and/or cohesiveness. Some degree of organization is evident. Paragraphs are generally competent, but ideas may show some inconsistency in organization and/or in their relationships to each other. A logical progression of ideas between paragraphs is apparent. Paragraphs exhibit a unity, coherence, and cohesiveness. Topic sentences and concluding remarks are appropriate to purpose. There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless.
5.0 %Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice and/or sentence construction are used. Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, and/or word choice are present. Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used. Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used. Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English. Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes
5.0 %Format  
3.0 %Language Use and Audience Awareness (includes sentence construction, word choice, etc.) Inappropriate word choice and lack of variety in language use are evident. Writer appears to be unaware of audience. Use of ‘primer prose’ indicates writer either does not apply figures of speech or uses them inappropriately. Some distracting inconsistencies in language choice (register) and/or word choice are present. The writer exhibits some lack of control in using figures of speech appropriately. Language is appropriate to the targeted audience for the most part. The writer is clearly aware of audience, uses a variety of appropriate vocabulary for the targeted audience, and uses figures of speech to communicate clearly. The writer uses a variety of sentence constructions, figures of speech, and word choice in distinctive and creative ways that are appropriate to purpose, discipline, and scope. Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes
2.0 %Research Citations (In-text citations for paraphrasing and direct quotes, and reference page listing and formatting, as appropriate to assignment) No reference page is included. No citations are used. Reference page is present. Citations are inconsistently used. Reference page is present. Citations are inconsistently used. Reference page is present and fully inclusive of all cited sources. Documentation is appropriate and GCU style is usually correct. In-text citations and a reference page are complete. The documentation of cited sources is free of error.
100 %Total Weightage

Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes

Ms. A. Anemia Case Study

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Ms. A. Anemia Case Study
In a short essay (500-750 words), answer the Question at the end of Case Study 1. Cite references to support your positions.
Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
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This Ms. A. Anemia Case Study  assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.
You are required to submit this Ms. A. Anemia Case Study  assignment to Turnitin.
Ms. A. Anemia Case Study
Ms. A. is an apparently healthy 26-year-old white woman. Since the beginning of the current golf season, Ms. A has noted increased shortness of breath and low levels of energy and enthusiasm. These symptoms seem worse during her menses. Today, while playing in a golf tournament at a high, mountainous course, she became light-headed and was taken by her golfing partner to the emergency clinic. The attending physician’s notes indicated a temperature of 98 degrees F, an elevated heart rate and respiratory rate, and low blood pressure. Ms. A states, “Menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal have been a problem for 10-12 years, and I take 1,000 mg of aspirin every 3 to 4 hours for 6 days during menstruation.” During the summer months, while playing golf, she also takes aspirin to avoid “stiffness in my joints.” Ms. A. Anemia Case Study.

Laboratory values are as follows:

Hemoglobin = 8 g/dl

Hematocrit = 32%

Erythrocyte count = 3.1 x 10/mm

RBC smear showed microcytic and hypochromic cells

Reticulocyte count = 1.5%

Other laboratory values were within normal limits.

Question

Considering the circumstances and the preliminary workup, what type of anemia does Ms. A most likely have? In an essay of 500-750 words, explain your answer and include rationale. Ms. A. Anemia Case Study

Endocrine System lab report and essay assignment papers and questions

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Module 10 Lab Worksheet: Endocrine System lab report and essay assignment papers and questions

Module 10 Lab Worksheet: Endocrine System

Introduction

This week’s lab will focus on the major endocrine glands and the hormones they secrete.

Objectives

Objectives for this week’s lab include:  1) Identify the location of the major endocrine glands, 2) Map out the hormonal secretion of and influence of the major endocrine glands, and 3) Identify the role of major endocrine hormones, and 4) Describe the negative feedback mechanism to maintain homeostasis.

Overview

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The endocrine system regulates the body’s actions and metabolic activity through the use of chemical messengers called hormones.  Hormones, produced by endocrine glands, are secreted directly into the blood stream, travel throughout the body and influence the actions and activity of various cells.  It’s a complex mechanism of how a hormone directly influences a cell but a cell needs to have a specific receptor on its plasma membrane to bind a specific hormone.  If a cell has a specific hormone, it is referred to as a target cell. Module 10 Lab Worksheet: Endocrine System lab report and essay assignment papers and questions.
Each hormone will have a unique and specific influence on cellular activity that may include:  reproduction activities, growth and development, electrolyte, water and nutrient balance in the blood, metabolism and even influence our immune system.  Once a cell binds a hormone through its receptor, the response and impact of that hormone can vary greatly.  Some hormones have an almost instantaneous effect on that cell (such as epinephrine, aka- adrenaline) to an effect that can last days to even months (such as growth hormone).
Hormonal levels are maintained by a negative feedback mechanism.  As hormonal levels rise in the blood and affect the target cells, it causes a negative feedback loop to initiate the inhibition of further hormone production and secretion from its endocrine gland.  Through this mechanism, hormonal homeostasis is maintained within a very narrow range and is vital because any imbalances to hormonal levels can cause drastic changes in the body’s physiology and can cause conditions such as, type 2 diabetes and hypothyroidism. Module 10 Lab Worksheet: Endocrine System lab report and essay assignment papers and questions

Materials
  • Endocrine gland models

Pre-Lab Evaluation Questions

The pre-lab evaluation questions must be answered prior to lab and demonstrated to your lab instructor.  You must read through the assigned chapter readings, lab introduction, objectives, overview and procedure to answer these questions.
Please cite your work for any reference source you utilize in answering these questions.

  1. In your own words, briefly describe how the endocrine system helps to maintain homeostasis within the body.
  2. Explain how the thyroid gland and the parathyroid gland help to maintain homeostasis of blood calcium levels?
  3. The thyroid gland also produces two hormones that influence our body’s metabolism. What are those two hormones and the difference between them?  What element/molecule is vital to provide proper function to these two hormones? In general and overall, what effect do these two hormones have on the body’s function?
  4. The adrenal cortex synthesizes over two dozen steroid base hormones collectively called corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are also a class of medications.  Medically, what are corticosteroids, what are some examples of corticosteroid medications, what conditions do they treat and what are the complications of using them?
  5. What is the importance of maintaining proper blood sugar levels? Why do the cells need glucose and what hormone helps transport glucose into the cells?  What are normal blood sugar levels within humans?  How does the pancreas and liver maintain blood sugar homeostasis? Module 10 Lab Worksheet: Endocrine System lab report and essay assignment papers and questions

Part 01 Procedure:  Endocrine Gland Location

1.   Identify the location of the major endocrine glands in the diagram below:

Answers:
 
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
I)
J)
 

Part 02 Procedure:  Endocrine Hormonal Secretion

  1. Utilize “Appendix A” to map out the hormonal secretion and interaction of the major endocrine glands hormones. Utilize the word bank in “Appendix C” for to complete the chart.  Demonstrated are the hormones “Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone” and “Growth Hormone”.
  2. Hint: The thyroid gland demonstrates two hormones that are secreted; one hormone is regulated by the pituitary gland, which is demonstrated by the line coming from the pituitary.  Please record your answers below:
  3. A)

B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)

  1. H)

I)
J)
K)
L)

  1. M)

N)
O)
P)
Q)
R)
S)

  1. T)

U)

  1. V)

W)
X)

Part 03 Procedure:  Feedback Regulation of Hormones

  1. Please match the appropriate hormone with the description provided in “Appendix B” utilizing the word bank provided in “Appendix C”. Please record your answers below.

 
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
I)
J)

Part 04 Procedure:  Feedback Regulation of Hormones

  1. Utilizing the interaction of the thyroid releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones please demonstrate the role of the negative feedback loop to maintain proper thyroid hormone blood levels. Also, be able to explain how a goiter would develop too.
  2. The pancreas plays a very dynamic and vital role in our body’s ability to maintain blood sugar homeostasis. Within your lab groups, discuss and describe the following situations using appropriate medical terminology, anatomy and hormones:
  3. Your blood sugar levels are low, through what mechanism does your body increase blood sugar levels?
  4. Your blood sugar levels are too high, through what mechanism does your body decrease blood sugar levels? Module 10 Lab Worksheet: Endocrine System lab report and essay assignment papers and questions
  5. Why is it so vital for sugar to be transported from the blood vessels to the cells of the body? (Think back to cellular respiration.)
  6. How does the imbalance of regulating blood sugar levels over time lead to the development of type 2 diabetes?

Post-Lab Evaluation Questions

The post lab evaluation questions must be completed prior to your submission of the lab.  Answers for these questions will be derived from the lab protocol, the weekly concepts associated with the lab and possibly research content from the book and/or online resources.
Please cite your work for any reference source you utilize in answering these questions.

  1. Please answer the following questions regarding a mini-case study on Diabetes: Joe, a 58-year-old overweight male who is a widower, went through a routine physical which demonstrated a Hemoglobin A1c blood test of 8.5%.  His previous A1c test 6 months ago was 6.5%.  What is the significance of this test and value?  What is the most likely diagnosis (be specific)?
  2. The doctor asked Joe about his diet and lifestyle; if Joe were honest, how would he have responded most likely? When the doctor asked Joe if he knew what Diabetes was, he responded, “I’ve heard of it, it’s that thing where I have to take some medication to fix it, right?”.  In a paragraph, how would you best explain what Diabetes is? Remember, you’re talking to a patient.

Module 10 Lab Worksheet: Endocrine System lab report and essay assignment papers and questions

  1. After your explanation, Joe responded, “Oh, I remember now. Will I have to take those shots, before I eat all the time now?”  How do you respond to Joe’s question about treating this condition? Please include the lifestyle changes and the possibility of oral medication and the use of insulin.
  1. Joe seems to be starting to understand his condition and asks a great question, “If I don’t do these sort of treatments, what can happen to me?”
    Basically, Joe is asking about the various complications that can result from uncontrolled blood sugar levels.  What do you tell him?  Include short and long-term uncontrolled blood sugar level complications.
  2. Joe sits quietly for a moment and then states, “I have a son in his late 20’s who’s a bit overweight too, what can I tell him so he can stop this from happening to him? What can I do to fix this problem too?”.  How do you respond to these questions? Module 10 Lab Worksheet: Endocrine System lab report and essay assignment papers and questions

Appendix A

 
 

Appendix B

 
Descriptions of hormones
 

  1. Which hormone will assist the body in lowering blood sugar levels?
  2. Which gland synthesizes a hormone that helps regulate the sleep cycle?
  3. Which hormone leads to water conservation (reabsorption) in the kidneys and is produced by the hypothalamus? Module 10 Lab Worksheet: Endocrine System lab report and essay assignment papers and questions
  4. Which hormone lowers blood calcium levels by decreasing absorption of calcium and stimulates osteoblast activity in bone tissue?
  5. Which hormone(s) has/have potent anti-inflammatory effects, decreases the immune system function and is largely secreted during times of stress?
  6. Which hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex helps regulates blood pressure by increasing reabsorption of various ions and water in the kidneys leading to increased water retention and ultimately increased blood pressure? Module 10 Lab Worksheet: Endocrine System lab report and essay assignment papers and questions
  7. Which hormone acts upon the liver to assist in raising blood sugar levels?
  8. Which hormone stimulates ovulation (release of an egg from the ovary) during the middle of the menstrual cycle?
  9. Which hormone stimulates the production of breast milk post-birth?
  10. Which hormone will stimulate the testes to produce sperm? Module 10 Lab Worksheet: Endocrine System lab report and essay assignment papers and questions

 

Appendix C

Word bank for Part 02 and Part 03 Procedures

  • Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
  • Aldosterone
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • Calcitonin
  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Cortisol
  • Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • Estrogen
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Glucagon
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Gonadocorticoids (androgens)
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Growth Hormone
  • Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • Insulin
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Melatonin
  • Mineralcorticoids
  • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
  • Oxytocin
  • Parathyroid hormone
  • Prolactin
  • Progesterone
  • Testosterone
  • Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Module 10 Lab Worksheet: Endocrine System lab report and essay assignment papers and questions