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How do we learn language during a process of nurture after being “soft-wired” by nature?

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Psychology homework help
Chapter 7: Developmental Psychology
Human life-span development occurs in several life stages: p. 287
Infancy
Early, Middle and Late childhood
Early, Middle, and Late adolescence
Emerging, Early, Middle, and Late adulthood (Arnett)
Development occurs separately but simultaneously, includes:
Physical (gross and fine motor skills), social, emotional, cognitive, and spiritual p. 287
There are four periods of prenatal development.
(book has little data and only shares three of four periods—follow lecture closely)
1. The germinal period is the first 14 or so days (weeks 1 and 2)
Zygote created in fallopian tubes (about three days to uterus)
Enters uterus as blastocyst
Blastocyst later becomes embryo
Trophoblast, which contains blastocyst attaches to uterine wall =
Implantation
Endoderm, mesoderm, exoderm
Yolk sac/umbilical vesicle present pre-trophoblast development
The trophoblast (amnion, umbilical cord, and placenta) provides nutrition and support—starts providing after germinal period
2. The embryonic period lasts about 6 weeks (weeks 3-8)
Organogenesis takes place within the first two months; formation of body
(Santrock charts)
There are three life support systems, called the trophoblast, for the embryo
Placenta: disk shaped group of tissues which connects embryo to mother.
The placenta implants itself to the uterine wall
Extracts nutrition from mother’s blood
Filters teratogens to a point
Produces hormones
Umbilical cord connects baby to placenta and is two arteries and a vein.
Oxygen, water, salt, and food go to baby
Excretion and carbon dioxide come from baby
The amnion is a sac and liquid and within it floats the embryo then fetus.
This is the same design as the human brain.
3. Fetal period starts at two months into gestation and lasts seven months (on average).
(Last two weeks are not considered fetal—last two weeks are called full term)
Eyes (open about 18 weeks to establish blinking), limbs (movement during fourth month), mouth (sucking thumb as early as 11 weeks; swallowing in womb about 26 weeks)
The amnion carries strong food odors and tastes to assist fetus with sense action pre-birth
Fetal life is not typically viable if born before 24 weeks of gestation (some survive at 22) (Santrock)
Alveoli in lungs not open in amnion; “breathes” amnion fluid to strengthen lungs
Last two months is for organ action and fatty build up—extremely important period for safe development
4. Full term: weeks 36 through 38
Average American baby is 7.5 lbs and is 21 inches long at birth
Teratogens are agents/substances that cause birth defects (Canvas)
Not just observable defects (physical—embryonic) at birth but may be seen later in life as well (emotional and cognitive—fetal).
Three parts to a teratogen being effective: dose, exposure, and genetic susceptibility
Nature and nurture interactions can be seen easily with effects on development (nature) by teratogens (nurture) (previous text)
Human infants are born with instincts (Canvas)
Blinking and scent marking are the only permanent instincts
Language
Language: combining symbols from spoken, written, and gestured information to communicate infinite meaning
“language allows people. . .to represent their own internal mental activity” (Ciccarelli, 2015, p. 294)
The human brain is called “the language brain”—soft-wired for language
Receptive Language at about 4 months
Ability to comprehend speech happens by 4 months
Infant can discern phonemes of unlimited languages
Infant stops listening to “strange” language noises about 8 months of age
Productive Language at about 12 months
Examples on pp. 280-281
How do we learn language during a process of nurture after being “soft-wired” by nature?
Skinner: Operant Learning
Nurture: Organisms learn language through: association, consequences, and imitation of observed behavior
Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar
Nature: Disagreed with Skinner based on rapid acquisition of language. All languages have similar development (nouns first) and grammatical structure (nouns, verbs, subject, and object)
“Moral development involves thoughts, feelings, and actions regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people” (Santrock, J.).
Piaget’s theory: moral development begins around the age of four
Heteronomous morality is seeing justice and rules as unchangeable: black and white (4-7)
Involves the idea of imminent justice, which is the idea that bad actions will be punished.
Autonomous morality includes individuals and intentions: shades of gray along with black and white (transition between about 7-10 into this stage) (Kantian contribution is evident here)
Imminent justice is not consistent, and child learns that punishment is not inevitable.
Kohlberg’s stages (pp. 313-314)
Attachment (pp. 315-318 +Canvas)
Harlows and Bowlby (lab work) and Ainsworth (field research)
“All you need is love” by the Beatles was written in response to this research
Affectional bond, 76% adult match to infant type, not outgrown, made through quality of interaction with primary CG(s), template for human interaction
There are four types of attachment: book labels incorrectly for infants
Secure, Avoidant, Anxious-Resistant (Ambivalent), Disorganized
Baumrind’s three styles of parenting (warmth and structure are the main variables) pp. 318-319

Authoritative: democratically led, option-based, demanding but responsive, higher warmth than structure most of the time

Authoritarian: parent led, imposes, inflexible, parental authority enforced, higher structure than warmth most of the time

Permissive: child in charge, indulgent

Rejecting/neglectful: nobody in charge, needs not met, worst outcomes for children appear to be here

Describe the reciprocal relationship between behavior and attitudes

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Psychology homework help
In this assignment, you apply and integrate the concepts of attribution, attitude, behavior, and cognitive dissonance.
Identify a situation in which an individual was persuaded into a decision to engage in behavior that violated social values, beliefs, attitudes, ethics, and/or morals, such as misrepresenting a product, underreporting income on taxes, falsifying services on a billing document, taking supplies from work, or engaging in vandalism.
Write a 700-word paper in which you analyze your identified situation. Address the following items:

  • Analyze the situation from the perspective of the individual’s social, cultural, and spiritual influences and his or her ethics. Refrain from inserting your own judgments and opinions.
  • Describe the reciprocal relationship between behavior and attitudes.
  • Cite at least 3 references.

Format your paper according to APA guidelines.

Every individual has faced a hard decision in one time of their lives and has come across a situation against their values and morals. Every person is different and has their morals, belief, and ethics they live by on an everyday basis. Society today is persuaded or pressured by another individual to do something wrong, even if they don’t want to do it. In this paper, we will discuss and identify a situation where a girl named Cristina decides to decide her values and morals, in regards to cheating and lying on her taxes. Even though she knew what might happen and what the consequences could be her morals were questioned.

Summary of the Situation

Cristina has realized she has worked a lot of overtime within the year and has made too much money. Furthermore, she knows that filling herself will result in having to pay back the IRS money she can’t even afford. Cristina’s sister had mentioned to her that she could let her claim her two children and use their social security, to get back a couple thousand therefore in return, Cristina could give her five hundred for both children. However, Cristina is aware that by claiming them it’s a wrongful act and she is committing fraud for alleging children that are not hers and can be held accountable and get audited by the IRS. Cristina isn’t thinking of the consequences of what might happen if she gets audited she is only thinking of the money she will get back. She also has an evident understanding of what is right from wrong.

Describe a criminal behavior in detail addressing how multicultural characteristics might influence the behavior as well as perceptions of the behavior by society

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 Psychology homework help

Assignment 2: LASA: Final Project

In this assignment, you will write a 10- to 15-page paper applying what you have learned throughout this course. You will build upon the assignment completed in M4 Assignment 2. This paper is to be in the correct APA format, which includes a title page, an abstract page, and at least ten scholarly sources. You must consider all of the following for your paper:

  1. Describe a criminal behavior in detail addressing how multicultural characteristics might influence the behavior as well as perceptions of the behavior by society. (approximately 3–4 pages).
    • Define all relevant typologies or categories that pertain to your selected criminal behavior in detail
    • Identify the statistics for the incident and rate of your selected criminal behavior in the U.S. Evaluate any issue you find with the statistics (i.e., possible issue with underreporting).
    • Describe the typical perpetrator of your selected criminal behavior (i.e., in terms of gender, age, race, SES, etc.).
  2. Discuss etiology theories for this particular criminal behavior (approximately 4–6 pages).
    • Describe the developmental risk factors associated with your selected criminal behavior.
    • Describe the biological, social learning, and sociological theories related to your selected criminal behavior.
    • Apply at least two historical psychological theories related to your selected criminal behavior (i.e., psychoanalytical, theories of aggression, etc.).
  3. Describe prevention, intervention, and treatment of the typical perpetrator for your selected criminal behavior (approximately 3–4 pages).
    • Describe current prevention, intervention, and treatment associated with your selected criminal behavior.
    • Discuss specific modalities (i.e., group treatment, individual treatment, social programs, etc.) and types of treatment (i.e., cognitive behavioral, empathy training, anger management, etc.).
    • Identify statistics related to treatment success and recidivism rates for your selected criminal behavior.
  4. Conclude your paper with a brief overview of your main points and discuss areas for future research (approximately 1 page).
    • Summarize the main points discussed in your paper.
    • Discuss what is needed in terms of future research (i.e., more research on risk factors, etiology or more research on better treatment, etc.).

Submission Details:

  • By the due date assigned, save your paper as M5_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc and submit it to the Submissions Area.

The LASA is worth 300 points and will be graded according to the following rubric.
Assignment Component  Maximum Points    Describe a criminal behavior in detail addressing how multicultural characteristics might influence the behavior as well as perceptions of the behavior by society.  70    Discuss etiology theories for this particular criminal behavior.  66    Describe prevention, intervention, and treatment of the typical perpetrator for your selected criminal behavior.  70    Conclude your paper with a brief overview of your main points and discuss areas for future research.  66    Writing is generally clear and in an organized manner. It demonstrates ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and generally displays accurate spelling, grammar, punctuation. Errors are few, isolated, and do not interfere with reader’s comprehension.
Citations in text and at the end of the document are in correct APA format.  28    Total:  300          Due DateJul 30, 2018 11:59 PM  Hide Rubrics

Describe the methods used to socialize new employees or members into the organizational culture

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Psychology homework help
 

Assignment 1: Characteristics of Organizational Culture

Every organization has a culture; however, organizational culture differs from one business to the next. The organizations may have different essential values. In addition, some essential values may be stronger or more pervasive than others, some may create barriers, and some may be more positive than others.
For this assignment, select an organization you know well or research an organization that interests you. Using the Argosy University online library resources, the readings for this module, and the Internet, respond to the following:

  • Describe in brief the organization you selected.
  • Examine the characteristics of the organization’s culture.
  • Provide examples of how the culture manifests itself in the organization.
  • Examine the most functional and dysfunctional aspects of the organization’s culture.
  • Describe the methods used to socialize new employees or members into the organizational culture.

Support your statements with appropriate examples and/or scholarly references.
Write your initial response in approximately 400 words. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.