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Explanation of gender identity development

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 Psychology homework help
 
Gender dynamics manifest in families, schools, workplaces–anywhere that humans interact socially. As you explored throughout the course, theories to explain gender development and gender roles have grown in number, as has the body of research to explain the causes and effects of these gender dynamics.
Part of Walden University’s mission is to create scholar-practitioners committed to social change. There is tremendous potential for social change related gender-based issues, and will be as long as achievement gaps, discrimination, abuse, and inequalities persist throughout the world. This week you complete and submit your Final Project, which should be not just a literature review of a topic, but also contain proposals for how to foster positive social change related to the topic.
To prepare
· Be sure to incorporate any Instructor feedback that you received on the outline you submitted in Week 7 (if you have not done so already).
· Search the Walden Library and other reputable academic sources to locate literature related to the gender-related topic you selected.
Based on the outline you submitted in Week 7, write an 8- to 10-page paper (including title page and references) in which you do the following:
· Introduce and summarize key literature about your selected topic. Include in your summary how this topic relates to home, school, and/or work environments.
· Explain the challenges surrounding the topic. This may include challenges related to conducting research and/or how the gender topic you selected impacts individuals or society.
· Provide solutions or strategies to address the challenges related to the topic.
· Evaluate each of your proposed solutions and provide final recommendations that have opportunities for positive social change.
Previous work for assignment
The Impact of Toys on Gender Identity Development in Children
1. Introduction
I. Explanation of gender identity development
(a) Definition of key terms
i. Gender identity
ii. Child development
iii. Gender-specific toys
(b) Psychological theories about gender identity development
i. Kohlberg’s Theory
ii. Piaget’s Theory
II. Background Information
(a) Toy selection criteria in children
(b) Gender identity stereotyping by toy manufacturers
2. Related Research
I. Child development and sexual identity
(a) Physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development.
(b) Onset of gender identity and sexual development
(c) The role of sex stereotype on children’s memory
II. Impact of Gender-specific toys on gender identity development
(a) The impact of toy characteristics on gender identity
(b) The impact of exposure to gender specific toys on the development of gender identity
3.  Psychological Intervention
I. The main challenge
a. The need for more study on the role of toys in influencing gender identity
b. Toy manufacturers’ exploitation of gender stereotypes.
c. Social impacts: the use of toys to teach certain behaviors to children.
II. Suggested solutions
a. More research into the impact of toys on child development
b. Provision of a wide range of toys for children to play with.
c. Advocacy for more neutral play environments
4. Conclusion
I. Assessment of recommended solutions
II. Final recommendations for provision of a range of child toys and neutral play environments.
The impact of toys on gender identity development in children
I choose this topic because it is the most familiar one in our lives and that at one point we had gone through the similar experience especially when it came to toys selection.
Toys are the major assets own by the children in our environment. We find that children like toys very much but careful when it comes to selection based on the child’s gender. Boys concentrate more on toys resembling engine powered machines like tracks, bikes, and trains while the girls focus more on care toys like for example dolls, utensils and general cleanliness (Todd, et al., 2018).
Toys impact the children psychology by creating this idea that they both should play with specific kinds of toys and grow up believing and exhibiting the same approach to other kids younger than them (Todd, Barry, & Thommessen, 2017). This trend and belief are so apparent that anyone just by looking at the toys in a given household can determine the child’s gender.
References
Todd, B. K., Barry, J. A., & Thommessen, S. A. (2017). Preferences for ‘Gender‐typed ‘Toys in Boys and Girls Aged 9 to 32 Months. Infant and Child Development, 26(3).
Todd, B. K., Fischer, R. A., Di Costa, S., Roestorf, A., Harbour, K., Hardiman, P., & Barry, J. A. (2018). Sex differences in children’s toy preferences: A systematic review, meta‐regression, and meta‐analysis. Infant and Child Development, 27(2), e2064.

How do we learn language during a process of nurture after being “soft-wired” by nature?

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Psychology homework help
Chapter 7: Developmental Psychology
Human life-span development occurs in several life stages: p. 287
Infancy
Early, Middle and Late childhood
Early, Middle, and Late adolescence
Emerging, Early, Middle, and Late adulthood (Arnett)
Development occurs separately but simultaneously, includes:
Physical (gross and fine motor skills), social, emotional, cognitive, and spiritual p. 287
There are four periods of prenatal development.
(book has little data and only shares three of four periods—follow lecture closely)
1. The germinal period is the first 14 or so days (weeks 1 and 2)
Zygote created in fallopian tubes (about three days to uterus)
Enters uterus as blastocyst
Blastocyst later becomes embryo
Trophoblast, which contains blastocyst attaches to uterine wall =
Implantation
Endoderm, mesoderm, exoderm
Yolk sac/umbilical vesicle present pre-trophoblast development
The trophoblast (amnion, umbilical cord, and placenta) provides nutrition and support—starts providing after germinal period
2. The embryonic period lasts about 6 weeks (weeks 3-8)
Organogenesis takes place within the first two months; formation of body
(Santrock charts)
There are three life support systems, called the trophoblast, for the embryo
Placenta: disk shaped group of tissues which connects embryo to mother.
The placenta implants itself to the uterine wall
Extracts nutrition from mother’s blood
Filters teratogens to a point
Produces hormones
Umbilical cord connects baby to placenta and is two arteries and a vein.
Oxygen, water, salt, and food go to baby
Excretion and carbon dioxide come from baby
The amnion is a sac and liquid and within it floats the embryo then fetus.
This is the same design as the human brain.
3. Fetal period starts at two months into gestation and lasts seven months (on average).
(Last two weeks are not considered fetal—last two weeks are called full term)
Eyes (open about 18 weeks to establish blinking), limbs (movement during fourth month), mouth (sucking thumb as early as 11 weeks; swallowing in womb about 26 weeks)
The amnion carries strong food odors and tastes to assist fetus with sense action pre-birth
Fetal life is not typically viable if born before 24 weeks of gestation (some survive at 22) (Santrock)
Alveoli in lungs not open in amnion; “breathes” amnion fluid to strengthen lungs
Last two months is for organ action and fatty build up—extremely important period for safe development
4. Full term: weeks 36 through 38
Average American baby is 7.5 lbs and is 21 inches long at birth
Teratogens are agents/substances that cause birth defects (Canvas)
Not just observable defects (physical—embryonic) at birth but may be seen later in life as well (emotional and cognitive—fetal).
Three parts to a teratogen being effective: dose, exposure, and genetic susceptibility
Nature and nurture interactions can be seen easily with effects on development (nature) by teratogens (nurture) (previous text)
Human infants are born with instincts (Canvas)
Blinking and scent marking are the only permanent instincts
Language
Language: combining symbols from spoken, written, and gestured information to communicate infinite meaning
“language allows people. . .to represent their own internal mental activity” (Ciccarelli, 2015, p. 294)
The human brain is called “the language brain”—soft-wired for language
Receptive Language at about 4 months
Ability to comprehend speech happens by 4 months
Infant can discern phonemes of unlimited languages
Infant stops listening to “strange” language noises about 8 months of age
Productive Language at about 12 months
Examples on pp. 280-281
How do we learn language during a process of nurture after being “soft-wired” by nature?
Skinner: Operant Learning
Nurture: Organisms learn language through: association, consequences, and imitation of observed behavior
Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar
Nature: Disagreed with Skinner based on rapid acquisition of language. All languages have similar development (nouns first) and grammatical structure (nouns, verbs, subject, and object)
“Moral development involves thoughts, feelings, and actions regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people” (Santrock, J.).
Piaget’s theory: moral development begins around the age of four
Heteronomous morality is seeing justice and rules as unchangeable: black and white (4-7)
Involves the idea of imminent justice, which is the idea that bad actions will be punished.
Autonomous morality includes individuals and intentions: shades of gray along with black and white (transition between about 7-10 into this stage) (Kantian contribution is evident here)
Imminent justice is not consistent, and child learns that punishment is not inevitable.
Kohlberg’s stages (pp. 313-314)
Attachment (pp. 315-318 +Canvas)
Harlows and Bowlby (lab work) and Ainsworth (field research)
“All you need is love” by the Beatles was written in response to this research
Affectional bond, 76% adult match to infant type, not outgrown, made through quality of interaction with primary CG(s), template for human interaction
There are four types of attachment: book labels incorrectly for infants
Secure, Avoidant, Anxious-Resistant (Ambivalent), Disorganized
Baumrind’s three styles of parenting (warmth and structure are the main variables) pp. 318-319

Authoritative: democratically led, option-based, demanding but responsive, higher warmth than structure most of the time

Authoritarian: parent led, imposes, inflexible, parental authority enforced, higher structure than warmth most of the time

Permissive: child in charge, indulgent

Rejecting/neglectful: nobody in charge, needs not met, worst outcomes for children appear to be here

Describe the reciprocal relationship between behavior and attitudes

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Psychology homework help
In this assignment, you apply and integrate the concepts of attribution, attitude, behavior, and cognitive dissonance.
Identify a situation in which an individual was persuaded into a decision to engage in behavior that violated social values, beliefs, attitudes, ethics, and/or morals, such as misrepresenting a product, underreporting income on taxes, falsifying services on a billing document, taking supplies from work, or engaging in vandalism.
Write a 700-word paper in which you analyze your identified situation. Address the following items:

  • Analyze the situation from the perspective of the individual’s social, cultural, and spiritual influences and his or her ethics. Refrain from inserting your own judgments and opinions.
  • Describe the reciprocal relationship between behavior and attitudes.
  • Cite at least 3 references.

Format your paper according to APA guidelines.

Every individual has faced a hard decision in one time of their lives and has come across a situation against their values and morals. Every person is different and has their morals, belief, and ethics they live by on an everyday basis. Society today is persuaded or pressured by another individual to do something wrong, even if they don’t want to do it. In this paper, we will discuss and identify a situation where a girl named Cristina decides to decide her values and morals, in regards to cheating and lying on her taxes. Even though she knew what might happen and what the consequences could be her morals were questioned.

Summary of the Situation

Cristina has realized she has worked a lot of overtime within the year and has made too much money. Furthermore, she knows that filling herself will result in having to pay back the IRS money she can’t even afford. Cristina’s sister had mentioned to her that she could let her claim her two children and use their social security, to get back a couple thousand therefore in return, Cristina could give her five hundred for both children. However, Cristina is aware that by claiming them it’s a wrongful act and she is committing fraud for alleging children that are not hers and can be held accountable and get audited by the IRS. Cristina isn’t thinking of the consequences of what might happen if she gets audited she is only thinking of the money she will get back. She also has an evident understanding of what is right from wrong.

Describe a criminal behavior in detail addressing how multicultural characteristics might influence the behavior as well as perceptions of the behavior by society

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 Psychology homework help

Assignment 2: LASA: Final Project

In this assignment, you will write a 10- to 15-page paper applying what you have learned throughout this course. You will build upon the assignment completed in M4 Assignment 2. This paper is to be in the correct APA format, which includes a title page, an abstract page, and at least ten scholarly sources. You must consider all of the following for your paper:

  1. Describe a criminal behavior in detail addressing how multicultural characteristics might influence the behavior as well as perceptions of the behavior by society. (approximately 3–4 pages).
    • Define all relevant typologies or categories that pertain to your selected criminal behavior in detail
    • Identify the statistics for the incident and rate of your selected criminal behavior in the U.S. Evaluate any issue you find with the statistics (i.e., possible issue with underreporting).
    • Describe the typical perpetrator of your selected criminal behavior (i.e., in terms of gender, age, race, SES, etc.).
  2. Discuss etiology theories for this particular criminal behavior (approximately 4–6 pages).
    • Describe the developmental risk factors associated with your selected criminal behavior.
    • Describe the biological, social learning, and sociological theories related to your selected criminal behavior.
    • Apply at least two historical psychological theories related to your selected criminal behavior (i.e., psychoanalytical, theories of aggression, etc.).
  3. Describe prevention, intervention, and treatment of the typical perpetrator for your selected criminal behavior (approximately 3–4 pages).
    • Describe current prevention, intervention, and treatment associated with your selected criminal behavior.
    • Discuss specific modalities (i.e., group treatment, individual treatment, social programs, etc.) and types of treatment (i.e., cognitive behavioral, empathy training, anger management, etc.).
    • Identify statistics related to treatment success and recidivism rates for your selected criminal behavior.
  4. Conclude your paper with a brief overview of your main points and discuss areas for future research (approximately 1 page).
    • Summarize the main points discussed in your paper.
    • Discuss what is needed in terms of future research (i.e., more research on risk factors, etiology or more research on better treatment, etc.).

Submission Details:

  • By the due date assigned, save your paper as M5_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc and submit it to the Submissions Area.

The LASA is worth 300 points and will be graded according to the following rubric.
Assignment Component  Maximum Points    Describe a criminal behavior in detail addressing how multicultural characteristics might influence the behavior as well as perceptions of the behavior by society.  70    Discuss etiology theories for this particular criminal behavior.  66    Describe prevention, intervention, and treatment of the typical perpetrator for your selected criminal behavior.  70    Conclude your paper with a brief overview of your main points and discuss areas for future research.  66    Writing is generally clear and in an organized manner. It demonstrates ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and generally displays accurate spelling, grammar, punctuation. Errors are few, isolated, and do not interfere with reader’s comprehension.
Citations in text and at the end of the document are in correct APA format.  28    Total:  300          Due DateJul 30, 2018 11:59 PM  Hide Rubrics