The Changing Character of Iranian Foreign Policy
Include all 3 readings.
Excerpt of “His Master’s Orders” from “All the
Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of
Middle East Terror” By Stephen Kinzer
Critique of Kinzer by David Pryce-Jones in “The
National Review”
2
“The Changing Character of Iranian Foreign
Policy,” by Graeme A.M. Davies in Foreign Policy
in Comparative Perspective
No formal citation is required other than a
parenthetical page number in-text when referencing course readings. A references page is not required.
Prompt: “To what extent have international factors influenced the development of Iran? Have these factors overpowered domestic factors? Why or why not?” Outside research for this response paper is welcome but not required. Please use 3 assigned reading
6/25/2018 National Review: A Very Elegant Coup – “All The Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror” – Book Review
https://web.archive.org/web/20040910113258/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_17_55/ai_107223571 1/3
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A Very Elegant Coup “All The Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror” Book Review
National Review, Sept 15, 2003 by David PryceJones
All The Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror,
by Stephen Kinzer (Wiley, 272 pp., $24.95)
In the summer of 1953, the CIA and Britain’s MI6 arranged a coup in
Tehran. The Iranian prime minister, Mohammad Mossadegh, appeared to be
opening his country to the Soviets, and the objective was to overthrow him.
The coup succeeded brilliantly. Mossadegh spent the rest of his life on his
country estate; Iran remained a strong Cold War ally of the West. And a
myth central to the Left took lasting shape: The CIA is thuggish, arrogant,
immoral, and finally stupid, because interventions of that sort prove
counterproductive. No matter how many countries the Soviet Union might
subvert, in this view, the United States should never interfere in other
peoples’ internal affairs. This myth is being revived forcefully, now that the
U.S. has gone far beyond staging a mere coup in order to keep the peace in
many trouble spots, including Iraq.
Stephen Kinzer is a New York Times correspondent who prefers to deal in
myth rather than consider realities. Everything that has ever gone wrong
with Iran, he thinks, is the fault of the British. Admittedly, the British had
discovered Iran’s oil resources, and developed the huge AngloIranian Oil
Company but they did this only to exploit Iran’s wealth. In the face of
these colonialists, the Iranians could do nothing except grow angry.
Righteous indignation bubbles out of Kinzer.
It might all have been so different because, in its hour of crisis, Iran
produced Mossadegh, whom Kinzer in awe and trembling more than once
calls a titan, a towering figure, “one of history’s most gifted visionaries.” A
tall man with a stoop and the lugubrious appearance of a vulture,
Mossadegh was an aristocrat, educated in France and Switzerland.
Breathless, resting on a cane, in and out of clinics, bursting into tears or
fainting dead away at wellchosen moments, he acted out a highclass
melodrama all his own. Between the wars, as a member of the rubber
stamp Iranian parliament, he began his lifelong challenge to the Pahlavi
shahs in power since 1926. If they could rule, he believed, so could he.
In prePahlavi days, shahs of Iran had engaged in incessant warfare with
their neighbors, the rival Muslim rulers of Ottoman Turkey and Afghanistan,
and the czars of Russia. Making and breaking treaties, losing territories
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6/25/2018 National Review: A Very Elegant Coup – “All The Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror” – Book Review
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steadily (especially to Russia), these shahs weakened and took their
people down with them. Fearful of this decline and the corresponding
superiority of the West, reformers in Iran, like those in Ottoman Turkey and
czarist Russia, proposed programs of constitutional reform. Power struggles
followed between reformers and the shah, the sultan, and the czar they had
in their respective sights. The autocrats duly fell, to be replaced by Reza
Pahlavi, Ataturk, and Lenin.
An upstart risen from the ranks, Reza Shah Pahlavi seized power in a coup.
He set about westernizing Iran, with no regard for Islamic sensibilities.
When he made the crucial mistake of backing Hitler, the British summarily
ejected him in favor of his son Mohammad Reza. Lenin’s successor, Stalin,
soon proved to be every bit as acquisitive as the former czars, and during
and after World War II he contrived to set up a puppet republic in northern
Iran, and to organize the Communist Tudeh party in his support. Under
British pressure, Stalin reluctantly withdrew. In spite of the doubts they had
about the Pahlavis, Kinzer’s colonialist British maintained Iran’s territorial
integrity for the sake of order.
Mohammad Reza Shah was still young and inexperienced, and Mossadegh
judged that the surefire way to overthrow him was to attack the British. He
therefore called for the nationalization of AngloIranian. This brought
enthusiastic and often violent mobs out into the street. The British refused
to make real concessions to Mossadegh, and Kinzer may be right that, since
they had already retreated from India and Palestine, this was impossibly
inflexible of them. But Mossadegh never had any intention of compromising;
he was banging the nationalist drum for all he was worth.
Britain and the U.S. understood that the likeliest outcome of Mossadegh’s
cunning introduction of disorder was the downfall of the shah, and the
creation of a void in which the Communists would assume power. In that
event, Iran would find itself frogmarched into the Soviet bloc. China had just
gone Communist, and the Korean War was not yet stabilized. The recently
promulgated Truman Doctrine stated that the U.S. would come to the
defense of any people threatened by Communism. President Truman and
Britain’s Clement Attlee discussed the use of force in Iran, only to reject it in
the hope that the whole issue would somehow resolve itself. The election of
Churchill in Britain and Eisenhower in the U.S. then brought into office two
men who did not hesitate to enforce order. They agreed that a coup would
serve the purpose better than a military expedition. The CIA officer chosen
to direct it was Kermit Roosevelt, grandson of President Theodore Roosevelt.
Quietly and methodically, Roosevelt coordinated his plans in Tehran with
politicians and army officers who were antiCommunist and loyal to the
shah. They were able to manipulate the mob against Mossadegh, much as
he had manipulated it against the shah. Surprisingly, Mossadegh did not
suspect what was happening, and lost his chance to take the police
measures that might have saved him. In contrast, the shah immediately
concluded that Mossadegh would succeed, and fled in panic in a private
plane to Baghdad. Kinzer relies on rather wellknown secondary sources but
gives a thorough and useful account of the mechanics of the coup, even if
he cannot resist sneering at its executors.
In the era of Nasser, Sukarno, and Nehru, the defeated Mossadegh became
a symbol of the nationalist hero done down by wicked imperialists. When the
shah returned from Baghdad, he misread the outcome of the coup as
evidence of his popularity; he came to believe that he could modernize Iran
as he saw fit. In reality, he proved a rather weak man, vain, unwilling or
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6/25/2018 National Review: A Very Elegant Coup – “All The Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror” – Book Review
https://web.archive.org/web/20040910113258/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_17_55/ai_107223571 3/3
unable to be a benevolent autocrat or, alternatively, to introduce the
constitutional reforms that had been in the air for most of a century. So he
brought on his own head the successful revolution that Ayatollah Khomeini
managed in 1979. A Shia divine and a forbidding personality, an autocrat
through and through, Khomeini set up a religious dictatorship and reversed
as much westernization as possible.
None of that would have happened, Kinzer likes to think, if the CIA had not
frustrated Mossadegh. This is simplistic, not to say fanciful. Order was
preserved in Iran at a time of emergency, just as military intervention in
Iraq is establishing order in today’s uncertain world. According to
intelligence reports, the ayatollahs are likely to have a nuclear weapon
within 18 months, endangering their own people and many others.
Preservation of order may then require measures larger in scale and far
more costly in every way than Kermit Roosevelt’s elegant coup.
COPYRIGHT 2003 National Review, Inc.
COPYRIGHT 2003 Gale Group
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