Policy & Politics in Nursing and Health Care
Policy & Politics in Nursing and Health Care
Seventh Edition Diana J. Mason, PhD, RN, FAAN
Rudin Professor of Nursing Co-Director of the Center for Health, Media, and Policy
School of Nursing Hunter College
City University of New York New York, New York
Deborah B. Gardner, PhD, RN, FAAN, FNAP Health Policy and Leadership Consultant, LLC
Honolulu, Hawaii Freida Hopkins Outlaw, PhD, RN, FAAN
Adjunct Professor Peabody College of Education
Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee
Eileen T. O’Grady, PhD, NP, RN Nurse Practitioner and Wellness Coach
McLean, Virginia
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Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
About the Editors
Contributors
Reviewers
Foreword
Preface
What’s New in the Seventh Edition?
Using the Seventh Edition
Acknowledgments Unit 1 Introduction to Policy and Politics in Nursing and Health Care
Chapter 1 Frameworks for Action in Policy and Politics
Upstream Factors
Nursing and Health Policy
Reforming Health Care
Nurses as Leaders in Health Care Reform
Policy and the Policy Process
Forces That Shape Health Policy
The Framework for Action
Spheres of Influence
Health
Health and Social Policy
Health Systems and Social Determinants of Health
Nursing Essentials
Policy and Political Competence
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Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 2 An Historical Perspective on Policy, Politics, and Nursing
“Not Enough to be a Messenger”
Bringing Together the Past for the Present: What We Learned From History
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 3 Advocacy in Nursing and Health Care
The Definition of Advocacy
The Nurse as Patient Advocate
Consumerism, Feminism, and Professionalization of Nursing: the Emergence of Patients’ Rights Advocacy
Philosophical Models of Nursing Advocacy
Advocacy Outside the Clinical Setting
Barriers to Successful Advocacy
Summary
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 4 Learning the Ropes of Policy and Politics
Political Consciousness-Raising and Awareness: the “Aha” Moment
Getting Started
The Role of Mentoring
Educational Opportunities
Applying Your Political, Policy, Advocacy, and Activism Skills
Political Competencies
Changing Policy at the Workplace Through Shared Governance
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 5 Taking Action: How I Learned the Ropes of Policy and Politics Mentors, Passion, and Curiosity
Chapter 6 A Primer on Political Philosophy
Political Philosophy
The State
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Gender and Race in Political Philosophy
The Welfare State
Political Philosophy and the Welfare State: Implications for Nurses
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 7 The Policy Process Health Policy and Politics
Unique Aspects of U.S. Policymaking
Conceptual Basis for Policymaking
Bringing Nursing Competence Into the Policymaking Process
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 8 Health Policy Brief: Improving Care Transitions Improving Care Transitions: Better Coordination of Patient Transfers among Care Sites and the Community Could Save Money and Improve the Quality of Care1
References
Online Resources
Chapter 9 Political Analysis and Strategies What is Political Analysis?
Political Strategies
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 10 Communication and Conflict Management in Health Policy
Understanding Conflict
The Process of Conversations
Listening, Asserting, and Inquiring Skills
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 11 Research as a Political and Policy Tool
So What is Policy?
What is Research When It Comes to Policy?
The Chemistry between Research and Policymaking
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Using Research to Create, Inform, and Shape Policy
Research and Political Will
Research: Not Just for Journals
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 12 Health Services Research: Translating Research into Policy Defining Health Services Research
HSR Methods
Quantitative Methods and Data Sets
Qualitative Methods
Professional Training in Health Services Research
Competencies
Fellowships and Training Grants
Loan Repayment Programs
Dissemination and Translation of Research Into Policy
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 13 Using Research to Advance Health and Social Policies for Children
Research on Early Brain Development
Research on Social Determinants of Health and Health Disparities
Advancing Children’s Mental Health Using Research to Inform Policy
Research on Child Well-Being Indicators
Research on “Framing the Problem”
Gaps in Linking Research and Social Policies for Children
Nursing Advocacy
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 14 Using the Power of Media to Influence Health Policy and Politics
Seismic Shift in Media: One-to-Many and Many-to-Many
The Power of Media
Who Controls the Media?
Getting on the Public’s Agenda
Media as a Health Promotion Tool
Focus on Reporting
Effective Use of Media
Analyzing Media
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Responding to the Media
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 15 Health Policy, Politics, and Professional Ethics
The Ethics of Influencing Policy
Reflective Practice: Pants on Fire
Discussion Questions
Professional Ethics
Reflective Practice: Foundational Nursing Documents
Personal Questions
Reflective Practice: Negotiating Conflicts between Personal Integrity and Professional Responsibilities
Personal Question
U.S. Health Care Reform
Reflective Practice: Accepting the Challenge
Personal Question
Reflective Practice: the Medicaid 5% Commitment—an Appeal to Professionalism
Discussion Question
Reflective Practice: Your State Turned Down Medicaid Expansion
Personal Question
Reflective Practice: Barriers to the Treatment of Mental Illness
Personal Question
Ethics and Work Environment Policies
Mandatory Flu Vaccination: the Good of the Patient Versus Personal Choice
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Unit 2 Health Care Delivery and Financing
Chapter 16 The Changing United States Health Care System Overview of the U.S. Health Care System
Public Health
Transforming Health Care Through Technology
Health Status and Trends
Challenges for the U.S. Health Care System
Health Care Reform
Opportunities and Challenges for Nursing
Discussion Questions
References
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Online Resources
Chapter 17 A Primer on Health Economics of Nursing and Health Policy
Cost-Effectiveness of Nursing Services
Impact of Health Reform on Nursing Economics
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 18 Financing Health Care in the United States
Historical Perspectives on Health Care Financing
Government Programs
The Private Health Insurance and Delivery Systems
The Problem of Continually Rising Health Care Costs
The ACA and Health Care Costs
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 19 The Affordable Care Act: Historical Context and an Introduction to the State of Health Care in the United States
Historical, Political, and Legal Context
Content of the Affordable Care Act
Impact on Nursing Profession: Direct and Indirect
Overall Cost of the Aca
Political and Implementation Challenges
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 20 Health Insurance Exchanges: Expanding Access to Health Care
What is a Health Insurance Exchange?
Exchange Purchasers
Other Health Insurance Options
Federal or State Exchanges
State-Based EXCHANGES
Development of the Exchanges
Establishing State Exchanges
The Federal Exchange Rollout: ACA Setback
New York’s Success Story
The Oregon Story
Exchange Features
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Marketplace Insurance Categories
Role of Medicaid
Nurses’ Roles with Exchanges
Consumer Education
State Requirements Include Aprns in Exchange Plans
Assessing the Impact of the Exchanges and Future Projections
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 21 Patient Engagement and Public Policy: Emerging New Paradigms and Roles Patient Engagement Within Nursing
Patient Engagement and Federal Initiatives
The VA System: an Exemplar of Patient-Centered Care
From Patient Engagement to Citizen Health
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 22 The Marinated Mind: Why Overuse Is an Epidemic and How to Reduce It
Commonly Overused Interventions
Reasons for Overuse
Financial Incentives as the Major Cause of Overuse
The Marinated Mind
Physician and Nurse Acknowledgment of Overuse
Public Reporting to Reduce Overuse
Journalists Advocate for More Transparency About Overuse
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 23 Policy Approaches to Address Health Disparities
Health Equity and Access
Policy Approaches to Address Health Disparities
Evaluating Patient-Centered Care
Summary
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
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Chapter 24 Achieving Mental Health Parity
Historical Struggle to Achieve Mental Health Parity
Implications for Nursing: Mental Health Related Issues and Strategies
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 25 Breaking the Social Security Glass Ceiling: A Proposal to Modernize Women’s Benefits1 Benefits for Women
Strengthening the Program
Changes We Oppose
Strengthening Financing
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 26 The Politics of the Pharmaceutical Industry
Globalization Concerns
Values Conflict
Direct to Consumer Marketing
Conflict of Interest
Education
Gifts
Samples
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 27 Women’s Reproductive Health Policy
When Women’s Reproductive Health Needs are Not Met
Why Do We Need Policy Specifically Directed at Women?
Women’s Health and U.S. Policy
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 28 Public Health: Promoting the Health of Populations and Communities
The State of Public Health and the Public’s Health
Impact of Social Determinants and Disparities on Health
Major Threats to Public Health
Challenges Faced by Governmental Public Health
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Charting a Bright Future for Public Health
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 29 Taking Action: Blazing a Trail…and the Bumps Along the Way—A Public Health Nurse as a Health Officer
Getting the Job: More Difficult Than You Might Think
Creating Access to Public Health Care in West New York
On-the-Job Training
Political Challenges
Safe Kid Day Arrives
Nurses Shaping Policy in Local Government
Successes and Challenges
References
Chapter 30 The Politics and Policy of Disaster Response and Public Health Emergency Preparedness
Purpose Statement
Background and Significance
Presidential Declarations of Disaster and the Stafford Act
Policy Change After September 11
The Politics Underlying Disaster and Public Health Emergency Policy
The Homeland Security Act
Project Bioshield 2004
Pkemra 2006 and Disaster Case Management
National Commission on Children and Disasters 2009
Threat Level System of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 31 Chronic Care Policy: Medical Homes and Primary Care
The Experience of Chronic Care in the United States
Medical Homes
The Role of Nursing in Medical Homes
Patient-Centered Medical Homes: the Future
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 32 Family Caregiving and Social Policy
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Who are the Family Caregivers?
Unpaid Value of Family Caregiving
Caregiving as a Stressful Business
Supporting Family Caregivers
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 33 Community Health Centers: Successful Advocacy for Expanding Health Care Access
Community Health Centers Demonstrate the Advocacy Process for Innovation
The Creation of the Neighborhood Health Center Program
Program Survival and Institutionalization
Continuing Policy Advocacy
The Expansion of Community Health Centers Under a Conservative President
Community Health Centers in the Era of Obamacare
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 34 Filling the Gaps: Retail Health Care Clinics and Nurse-Managed Health Centers
Retail Health Clinics
Access and Quality in Retail Clinics
Retail Clinics and Cost
Challenges and Reactions to the Model
Nurse-Managed Health Clinics
Future Directions for Retail Clinics and NMHCs
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 35 Developing Families The Need for Improvement
Social Determinants and Life Course Model
Innovative Models of Care
Health Care Reform
Barriers to Sustaining, Spreading, and Scaling-Up Models
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 36 Dual Eligibles: Issues and Innovations
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Who are the Duals?
What are the Challenges?
Health Care Delivery Reforms That Hold Promise
Implication for Nurses
Policy Implications
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 37 Home Care and Hospice: Evolving Policy
Defining the Home Care Industry
Home Health
Hospice
Home Medical Equipment
Home Infusion Pharmacy
Private Duty
Reimbursement and Reimbursement Reform
Hospital Use and Readmissions and the Focus on Care Transitions
Quality and Outcome Management
The Impact of Technology on Home Care
Championing Home Care and Hospice and the Role of Nurses
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 38 Long-Term Services and Supports Policy Issues
Poor Quality of Care
Weak Enforcement
Inadequate Staffing Levels
Corporate Ownership
Financial Accountability
Other Issues
Home and Community-Based Services
Public Financing
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 39 The United States Military and Veterans Administration Health Systems: Contemporary Overview and Policy Challenges
The MHS and VHA Budgets
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Advanced Nursing Education and Career Progression
Contemporary Policy Issues Involving MHS and VHA Nurses
Post-Deployment Health-Related Needs
References
Seamless Transition
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Unit 3 Policy and Politics in the Government
Chapter 40 Contemporary Issues in Government Contemporary Issues in Government
The Central Budget Story
Fiscal Policy and Political Extremism
How Will the Nation’s Economic Health be Addressed?
The Impact of Political Dysfunction
Polarization
Loss of Congressional Moderates
Gerrymandering
Congressional Gridlock: Where is the President’s Power?
Beleaguered Health Care Reform
Implementation Challenges
Increasing Access
Affordable Care Act Costs and Savings
Legal Challenges to the ACA
Immigration Reform: Will Health Care be Included?
Current Health Care Access
The Ethics and Economics of Access
Immigration Health Care Reform Options
Rising Economic Inequality
Measuring Wealth
The Great Recession Reshaped the Economy
Costs of Economic Inequality
Impact of Economic Inequality on Health Equity
Effectively Addressing Economic Inequality
Proposed Policy Strategies
Climate Change: Impacting Global Health
Climate Change: It’s Happening
Mitigation Versus Adaptation
International Progress
Adaptation is Local
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Examples of Health in All Policies
Nursing Action Oriented Leadership
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 41 How Government Works: What You Need to Know to Influence the Process
Federalism: Multiple Levels of Responsibility
The Federal Government
State Governments
Local Government
Target the Appropriate Level of Government
Pulling It All Together: Covering Long-Term Care
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 42 Is There a Nurse in the House? The Nurses in the U.S. Congress The Nurses in Congress
Evaluating the Work of the Nurses Serving in Congress
Political Perspective
Interest Group Ratings
Campaign Financing
Sources of Campaign Funds
References
Online Resources
Chapter 43 An Overview of Legislation and Regulation
Influencing the Legislative Process
Regulatory Process
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 44 Lobbying Policymakers: Individual and Collective Strategies
Lobbyists, Advocates, and the Policymaking Process
Lobbyist or Advocate?
Why Lobby?
Steps in Effective Lobbying
How Should You Lobby?
Collective Strategies
Discussion Questions
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References
Online Resources
Chapter 45 Taking Action: An Insider’s View of Lobbying Getting Started
Winds of Change Coming in State Legislatures
Political Strategies
There Really is a Need for Lobbyists
Chapter 46 The American Voter and the Electoral Process Voting Law: Getting the Voters to the Polls
Calls for Reform
Voting Behavior
Answering to the Constituency
Congressional Districts
Involvement in Campaigns
Campaign Finance Law
Types of Elections
The Morning After: Keeping Connected to Politicians
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 47 Political Activity: Different Rules for Government-Employed Nurses
Why Was the Hatch Act Necessary?
Hatch Act Enforcement
Penalties for Hatch Act Violations
U.S. Department of Defense Regulations on Political Activity
Internet and Social Media Influence
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 48 Taking Action: Anatomy of a Political Campaign
Why People Work on Campaigns
Why People Stop Working on Campaigns
The Internet and the 2012 Election Campaign
Campaign Activities
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
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Chapter 49 Taking Action: Truth or Dare: One Nurse’s Political Campaign
Stepping Into Politics
Ethical Leadership
Making a Difference
Lessons Learned
Chapter 50 Political Appointments
What Does It Take to be a Political Appointee?
Getting Ready
Identify Opportunities
Making a Decision to Seek an Appointment
Plan Your Strategy
Confirmation or Interview?
Compensation
After the Appointment
Experiences of Nurse Appointees
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 51 Taking Action: Influencing Policy Through an Appointment to the San Francisco Health Commission
Democracy and Service to the Health Commission
Checks and Balances of Health Commission Activities
Scope of Work of the Health Commission
Infrastructure of the Health Commission
Balancing Health Commission Service with Academia
Introspection: Re-Experiencing Decision Making on the Health Commission
References
Chapter 52 Taking Action: A Nurse in the Boardroom My Political Career
My Campaign
Campaign Preparation
Launching the Campaign
Lessons Learned
The Future
References
Chapter 53 Nursing and the Courts The Judicial System
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Judicial Review
Reference
The Role of Precedent
the Constitution and Branches of Government
Impact Litigation
Expanding Legal Rights
Reference
Enforcing Legal and Regulatory Requirements
Antitrust Laws and Anticompetitive Practices
Criminal Courts
Influencing and Responding to Court Decisions
Nursing’s Policy Agenda
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 54 Nursing Licensure and Regulation
Historical Perspective
The Purpose of Professional Regulation
Sources of Regulation
Licensure Board Responsibilities
Licensure Requirements
The Source of Licensing Board Authority
Disciplinary Offenses
Regulation’s Shortcomings
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 55 Taking Action: Nurse, Educator, and Legislator: My Journey to the Delaware General Assembly
My Political Roots
Volunteering and Campaigning
There’s a Reason It is Called “Running” for Office
A Day in the Life of a Nurse-Legislator
What I’ve Been Able to Accomplish as a Nurse-Legislator
Tips for Influencing Elected Officials’ Health Policy Decisions
Is It Worth It?
References
Unit 4 Policy and Politics in the Workplace and Workforce
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Chapter 56 Policy and Politics in Health Care Organizations
Financial Pressures From Changing Payment Models
The Broadening Influence of Outcome Accountability
A Door Opens—Policy to Support the Role of the Nurse Practitioner
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 57 Taking Action: Nurse Leaders in the Boardroom
Getting Started
Are You Ready?
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 58 Quality and Safety in Health Care: Policy Issues
The Environmental Context
The Policy Context: Value-Driven Health Care
Value-Based Payment and Delivery Models
Impact of Value-Driven Health Care on Nursing
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 59 Politics and Evidence-Based Practice and Policy The Players and Their Stakes
The Role of Politics in Generating Evidence
The Politics of Research Application in Clinical Practice
The Politics of Research Applied to Policy Formulation
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 60 The Nursing Workforce
Characteristics of the Workforce
Expanding the Workforce
Increasing Diversity
Retaining Workers
Addressing the Nursing Workforce Issues
Conclusion
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Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 61 Rural Health Care: Workforce Challenges and Opportunities
What Makes Rural Health Care Different?
Defining Rural
Rural Policy, Rural Politics
The Opportunities and Challenges of Rural Health
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 62 Nurse Staffing Ratios: Policy Options The Establishment of California’s Regulations
What Has Happened as a Result of the Ratios?
What Next?
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 63 The Contemporary Work Environment of Nursing
Primary Factors
Secondary Factors
American Hospital Association (AHA) Report
Crucial Communication
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 64 Collective Strategies for Change in the Workplace
Building a Culture of Change
Workplace Cultures Differ
Implementing the Change Decision
Examples of Change Decisions
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 65 Taking Action: Advocating for Nurses Injured in the Workplace
Life Lessons
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Becoming a Voice for Back-Injured Nurses
Establishing the Work Injured Nurses Group USA (WING USA)
Legislative Efforts to Advance Safe Patient Handling
The Future
References
Chapter 66 The Politics of Advanced Practice Nursing
Political Context of Advanced Practice Nursing
The Political Issues
Toward New APN Politics: Overcoming Appeasement and Apathy
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 67 Taking Action: Reimbursement Issues for Nurse Anesthetists: A Continuing Challenge Nurse Anesthesia Practice
Nurse Anesthesia Reimbursement
Advocacy Issues in Anesthesia Reimbursement
TEFRA: Defining Medical Direction
Physician Supervision of CRNAs: Medicare Conditions of Participation
Medicare Coverage of Chronic Pain Management Services
Conclusion
References
Chapter 68 Taking Action: Overcoming Barriers to Full APRN Practice: The Idaho Story
Background
Nurturing the Passion to Achieve Statutory Change
Building Broad Coalitions and Relationships
Sustaining the Effort and the Vision
Removing Barriers to Autonomous APRN Practice
The Stars Align
The 2012 NPA Revision
Conclusion
Chapter 69 Taking Action: A Nurse Practitioner’s Activist Efforts in Nevada
Being a Leader
Activism Means Leaving Your Comfort Zone
Honing Your Verbal and Nonverbal Messages
Activism Requires Funding Knowledge
Developing Activist Skills Through Experience
References
Chapter 70 Nursing Education Policy: The Unending Debate over Entry into Practice and the
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Continuing Debate over Doctoral Degrees
The Entry Into Practice Debate
The Entry Into Advanced Practice Debate
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 71 The Intersection of Technology and Health Care: Policy and Practice Implications
Public Policy Support for HIT
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Unit 5 Policy and Politics in Associations and Interest Groups
Chapter 72 Interest Groups in Health Care Policy and Politics
Development of Interest Groups
Functions and Methods of Influence
Landscape of Contemporary Health Care Interest Groups
Assessing Value and Considering Involvement
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 73 Current Issues in Nursing Associations Nursing’s Professional Organizations
Organizational Life Cycle
Current Issues for Nursing Organizations
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 74 Professional Nursing Associations: Operationalizing Nursing Values
The Significance of Nursing Organizations
Evolution of Organizations
Today’s Nurse
Organizational Purpose
Associations and Their Members
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Leadership Development
Opportunities to Shape Policy
Influencing the Organization
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 75 Coalitions: A Powerful Political Strategy
Birth and Life Cycle of Coalitions
Building and Maintaining a Coalition: the Primer
Pitfalls and Challenges
Political Work of Coalitions
Evaluating Coalition Effectiveness
Discussion Question
References
Online Resources
Chapter 76 Taking Action: The Nursing Community Builds a Unified Voice
The Necessity of Coalitions
Coalition Formation
Defining a Coalition’s Success: the Importance of Leadership and Goal Setting
A Perspective on Nursing’s Unified Voice
Nursing Unites: the Nursing Community
Conclusion
References
Chapter 77 Taking Action: The Nursing Kitchen Cabinet: Policy and Politics in Action
The Context
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 78 Taking Action: Improving LGBTQ Health: Nursing Policy Can Make a Difference LGBTQ Rights in the United States
Nursing and LGBTQ Advocacy
Taking Action
Conclusion
References
Online Resources
Chapter 79 Taking Action: Campaign for Action
The Future of Nursing Report
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A Vision for Implementing the Future of Nursing Report
Success at the National Level
Success at the State Level
Conclusion
References
Online Resources
Chapter 80 Taking Action: The Nightingales Take on Big Tobacco Tobacco Kills
Ruth’s Story
The Personal Becomes Political
Compelling Voices
Strategic Planning
Kelly’s Story
Policy Advocacy
Shareholder Advocacy: “the NURSES are Coming…”
Extending the Message
What NURSES Can Do
Nursing is Political
Lessons Learned: Nursing Activism
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Unit 6 Policy and Politics in the Community
Chapter 81 Where Policy Hits the Pavement: Contemporary Issues in Communities
What is a Community?
Healthy Communities
Partnership for Improving Community Health
Determinants of Health
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 82 An Introduction to Community Activism Key Concepts
Taking Action to Effect Change: Characteristics of Community Activists and Activism
Challenges and Opportunities in Community Activism
Nurses as Community Activists
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
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Chapter 83 Taking Action: The Canary Coalition for Clean Air in North Carolina’s Smoky Mountains and Beyond
Lessons in Communicating
Persuasion: the Integrated Resource Plan Example
Speaking to Power
Clean Air: a Mixed Blessing
The Crucible of Financial Challenge
Efficient and Affordable Energy Rates Bill
Nurses’ Role in Environmental Stewardship
References
Chapter 84 How Community-Based Organizations Are Addressing Nursing’s Role in Transforming Health Care
Community as Partner and the Community Anchor
Accountable Care Community
Superstorm Sandy
the Population Care Coordinator
Hospital Partnerships and Transitional Care
Vulnerable Patient Study
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 85 Taking Action: From Sewage Problems to the Statehouse: Serving Communities
Sewage Changed My Life
My Campaigns
The Value of Political Activity in Your Community
Leadership in the International Community
Mentoring Other Nurses for Political Advocacy
Recommendations for Becoming Involved in Politics
Chapter 86 Family and Sexual Violence: Nursing and U.S. Policy Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Against Women
State Laws Regarding Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence
Federal Laws Related to Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence
Health Policies Related to Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence
Child Maltreatment
State and Federal Policies Related to Child Maltreatment
Health Policies Related to Child Maltreatment
Older Adult Maltreatment
State and Federal Legislation Related to Older Adult Maltreatment
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Health Care Policies Related to Older Adult Maltreatment
Opportunity for Nursing
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 87 Human Trafficking: The Need for Nursing Advocacy
Encountering the Victims of Human Trafficking
Advancing Policy in the Workplace
Role of Professional Nursing Associations
Advocating for State Legislation and Policy on Human Trafficking
Advancing Policy Through Media and Technology
Trafficking as a Global Public Health Issue
The World of the Victims
International Policy
U.S. Response to Human Trafficking
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Online Resources
Chapter 88 Taking Action: A Champion of Change: For Want of a Hug
What Happened?
The Struggle to Find Help
We Got Help, but What About Others?
Commitment in My Community
Meeting Basic Needs
Gang Violence Prevention
It Takes a Village
References
Chapter 89 Lactivism: Breastfeeding Advocacy in the United States
Why Advocate for Breastfeeding?
The Historic Decline in Breastfeeding in the United States
Culture of Breastfeeding
Action to Support Breastfeeding
The Need for Breastfeeding Advocacy Education
Discussion Questions
References
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