Health Science: Human and Social Dimension

Application 11

Health Science: Human and Social Dimension
Dr. M. L. Holt
Application #11
Morgan State University
Instructions
Make a list of all stressors you have experienced in the last two weeks. Select two of the items on the list and answer the following questions about them
Did you realize the stressor was a stressor when you first confronted it? Explain
What psychological responses did you notice that you had when confronted with the stressor?
Have you confronted the stressor before? Explain your answer
What coping responses do you have to deal with each of the stressors?

species interactions

This week in Practice and Reinforce” the focus was on succession, so the forum this week will focus on species interactions. You saw just a few examples of adaptations that plants and animals have developed to protect themselves from predators. Your task for this forum is to seek out your own example of an adaptation that benefits a species of your choosing and present it to your classmates. This could be any type of animal with any adaptation covered in the lecture and reading materials: Mimicry, chemical defense, camouflage, warning coloration (just to name a few).
Research your chosen animal and create a new discussion post, addressing the following aspects:

Use the name of your chosen animal as the post title.

Points will be deducted for duplicate entries (unless the time stamps on both posts are very close together, suggesting they were being written at the same time).

Present your animal and your adaptation.

Discuss native habitat, other species the animal typically interacts with including predators and competitors.

Think about community interactions and co-evolution as you explore your chosen species.

Discuss how the animal’s adaptation helps them survive, as well as how its predators/competitors have evolved in response to this adaptation.

Include a picture to in your post.

(or at the very least a link to a site that has an image).
To receive full credit, you must:

  • Write in complete sentences that are thoughtful, well written, and free of typos.
  • Address all parts of the forum topic.
  • Use vocabulary presented in the learning materials appropriately.

orum Grading and Feedback

All forums will be graded using the following criteria. You must create one discussion and reply to at least one other post by 8 pm on Saturday to receive any points.

Criteria

0 Points

1 Point

1.5 Points

2 Point

Total Possible Points

Initial Discussion
Posts information that is off-topic, incorrect, or irrelevant to forum topic
OR
there is evidence of plagiarism
OR
did not post by the deadline.
Posts adequate information with superficial thought and preparation; doesn’t address all aspects of the forum topic.
Posts well developed information that addresses all aspects of the assignment; lacks full development of concepts.
Posts well developed information that fully addresses and develops all aspects of the forum topic.
2

Criteria

0 Points

0.5 Points

0.75 Points

1 Point

Total Possible Points

Vocabulary and Concept Integration
Does not attempt to integrate appropriate vocabulary and concepts presented in the learning materials
OR
there is evidence of plagiarism
OR
Did not post by the deadline.
Attempts to integrates appropriate vocabulary and concepts presented in learning materials, but does not include personal experiences, additional references and images when appropriate
AND
demonstrates a misunderstanding of concepts.
Integrates appropriate vocabulary and concepts presented in learning materials, but does not include personal experiences, additional references and images when appropriate
OR
demonstrates a misunderstanding of concepts.
Integrates appropriate vocabulary and concepts presented in learning materials, includes personal experiences, additional references and images when appropriate.
1
Follow-Up Postings
Posts no follow-up responses to others.
Posts shallow contribution to discussion (e.g., agrees or disagrees); does not enrich discussion.
Elaborates on an existing posting with further comment or observation.
Demonstrates analysis of others’ posts; extends meaningful discussion by building on thoughts provided by others.
1
Uniqueness of Discussion Topic
(When Applicable)
Topic selected is identical to a discussion posted earlier in the forum.
Topic selected is very similar to a discussion posted earlier in the forum. (i.e. you post about Bengal tigers when someone else already posted about Siberian tigers)
N/A
Topic selected is unique to other classmates
OR
time stamp of posting is within 1 hour of another post on the same topic.
1
Maximum Score
4 – 5
An example of how the discussion should look like
rctic wolves have many adaptations for living in the cold. One of them is size. The bigger the wolf are, the more warmth. Arctic wolves have two layers of fur. The outer one is thicker and conserves heat while the inner one is a waterproof layer, sort of like a scuba diving suit. That way they can survive snow and the cold, while the thickness and the ability to conserve warmth decrease during summer. Arctic wolves have smaller ears than other wolves since that also helps them conserve heat. The paws on a wolf are padded with fat to give them a grip on snow and ice and also to protect them from the cold ground. Arctic wolves must travel over large distances to hunt their main prey, musk ox and caribou (or reindeer). They will prey on smaller animals, such as arctic hares, arctic foxes, lemmings, and waterfowl. Sometimes, they will scavenge the leftover prey of a polar bear. Arctic wolves are carnivorous, and since there is such little plant life in the arctic anyway, they only eat meat.
Parents Arctic Wolf.
Baby Arctic Wolf.

Explain permissive hypercapnia and its clinical indication

Due by Saturday, 11:59 p.m. (MT) end of Week 4 (120 pts)
Learning Objectives Covered:
Explain permissive hypercapnia and its clinical indication
Explain inverse I:E ratio ventilation and its clinical use
Background
ventilator.jpgManagement strategies for ARDS include correcting hypoxemia and acid-base disturbance, restoring cardiac function, and treating the underlying disease or precipitating factors. This is generally accomplished with mechanical ventilation at 6-8 ml/kg ideal body weight and the application of PEEP to correct refractory hypoxemia.
High levels of positive pressure may be required to produce adequate ventilation and oxygenation, but its adverse effect on cardiac function must be monitored closely. Some patients may benefit from pressure control (PC) ventilation to minimize the mean airway and parenchymal lung pressures. In PC mode the inspiratory time is increased and pressures are generally reduced, but the mean airway pressure may remain the same or slightly increased. This ultimately shortens the inspiratory time, inverts the I:E ratio, and potentially increases alveolar ventilation. As inspiratory time increases, and the elastic limit of the lung is reached, intrinsic PEEP increases air trapping and thus, may increase the PaCO2 while also increasing the occurrence of pneumothorax in an already stiff lung. These important considerations must be kept in fine balance with each factor receiving equal attention.
More information about ongoing studies for ARDS can be found at www.ardsnet.org (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Management of ARDS
A multitude of causative factors may produce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The clinical manifestations associated with ARDS usually appear within 6-72 hours of an inciting event, and worsen rapidly. The patient initially presents with dyspnea, cyanosis, bilateral crackles, tachypnea, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and use of accessory muscles on inspiration. A cough and chest pain may be present. The general clinical course is characterized by several days of hypoxemia that requires moderate to high concentrations of FiO2. The bilateral alveolar infiltrates and diffuse crackles are persistent during this period, and the patient’s overall health status is fragile as a result of the severe hypoxemia. Most patients who survive this initial clinical course begin to show oxygenation improvements and decreasing alveolar infiltrates over the next several days.
Permissive hypercapnia, allowing the patient’s PaCO2 to increase, is used as a tradeoff to protect the lungs from high airway pressures. In most cases, an increased ventilator rate adequately offsets the decreased tidal volume used in the management of ARDS. The PaCO2, however, should not be permitted to increase to the point of severe acidosis (a pH below 7.2).
Inverse Ratio Ventilation (IRV)
IRV is a subset of PCV where the inflation time is prolonged, (In IRV, 1:1, 2:1, or 3:1 may be used. Normal I:E is 1:3). This lowers peak airway pressures but increases mean airway pressures. The result may be improved oxygenation but at the expense of compromised venous return and cardiac output, thus it is not clear that this mode of ventilation leads to improved survival. IRV’s major indication is in patients with ARDS with refractory hypoxemia or hypercapnia in other modes of ventilation.
Prompt
Case Study: Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome History:
Ms. Y is a 23 year-old woman who was feeling fine until the morning of admission when she began having severe chills, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and fever of 40*C. The symptoms persisted throughout the day and caused her to seek medical attention at the local ED. Ms. Y had an intrauterine device (IUD) inserted at a local family planning clinic 3 days before admission. At the time of admission, she denied shortness of breath, wheezing, sputum production, cough hemoptysis, orthopnea, chest pain, illicit drug use, or exposure to TB.
Physical Exam:
-General
Patient is well nourished, alert & oriented; she appears anxious but there is no evidence of respiratory distress
-Vital Sign:
Temp 40*C; RR 24 bpm; HR 104/min; BP 126/75
-Chest:
Normal configuration & expansion while breathing; normal resonance to percussion bilaterally
-Lungs:
Clear to auscultation bilaterally
-Abdomen:
Lower abdominal tenderness to palpation
-Extremities:
No cyanosis, edema, or clubbing
Lab Data:
-CBC
WBC 15,500 (high)
Question #1
Does the patient appear to have a pulmonary problem at this time? Why or why not?
Question #2
Does the patient’s medical problem predispose her to the development of ARDS?
Ms. Y has been started on IV antibiotic therapy. Results of a uterine swab show gram-negative diplococci, and a preliminary blood culture also shows gram-negative cocci.
Twelve hours later, she begins complaining of increased shortness of breath.
Assessment:
RR 34 bpm; HR 120/min
She is using accessory muscles to breathe and chest auscultation now reveals fine, inspiratory crackles bilaterally.
ABG: on RA
-pH: 7.25
-PaCO2: 21 mmHg
-HCO3: 16 mEq/liter
-BE: -17
-PaO2: 62 mmHg
-SaO2: 88%
Question #1
What is the pt’s acid-base & oxygenation status? Interpret the blood gas and explain your answer.
Question #2
What pathophysiology accounts for the adventitious lungs sounds (fine, inspiratory crackles)?
The patient continues to experience severe respiratory distress and is placed on an air entrainment mask with a FiO2 of 60%.
ABG on 60% FiO2:
-pH: 7.26
-PaCO2: 35 mmHg
-HCO3: 16 mEq/liter
-PaO2: 49 mmHg Assessment:
-RR 38 bpm
-HR 134/min
The chest film demonstrates an onset of diffuse bilateral infiltrates in the lower lobes; greater on the patient’s right side.
Question #1
Interpret the ABG.
Question #2
What initial settings would you place the patient on? Include mode of ventilation and indicate Why?
Submit your answers in at least 500 words on a Word document. You must cite at least three references to defend and support your position.

The Mechanism of Action of a Human Papilloma Virus Oncoprotein

The Mechanism of Action of a Human Papilloma Virus Oncoprotein
Source: Imai, Y., Y. Matsushima, T. Sugimura, M. Terada. 1991. Purification and characterization of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein with preferential binding capacity to the underphosphorylated form of retinoblastoma gene product. Journal of Virology 65(9): 4966–4972.
Corresponding chapter(s) in the textbook: Chapter 19 (and 17)Review the following terms before working on the problem: human papilloma virus, [35S]methionine labeling, [32P]phosphate labeling, phorbol ester, retinoblastoma protein, immunoprecipitation, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, autoradiography, pull-down assay, Western blotting
Read the paper and answer the questions below that refers to the data described in Figures 4 and 5 of the paper.
Be prepared to discuss the other experiments described, in class.

Experiment

Human papilloma virus strain 16 (HPV-16) is one of the causative agents of cervical cancer in women. The purpose of the research presented in the figure was to study the mechanism of action of the E7 oncoprotein of HPV-16.
Graph A shows the results of a preliminary experiment. Cells of a human leukemia cell line were cultured without (samples 1 and 3) or in the presence of phorbol ester (samples 2 and 4) and concurrently labeled with [35S]methionine (samples 1 and 2) or [32P]phosphate (samples 3 and 4). (Note: Phorbol ester stimulates protein kinase C.) Cell extracts were immunoprecipitated with an antibody specific for the retinoblastoma protein (anti-RB). SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed, followed by autoradiography.
Graph B shows the results of the experiment designed to analyze the function of the E7 protein. Human leukemia cells were cultured in the absence (samples 1 to 3) or presence of phorbol ester (samples 4 to 6). Cell extracts were prepared, and aliquots were incubated with agarose beads to which E7 protein molecules had been covalently attached. After incubation, the beads were sedimented by centrifugation, and Western blot analysis was performed using the anti-RB antibody on the supernatants (S; samples 2 and 5), pellets (P; samples 3 and 6), or total cell extracts (T; samples 1 and 4).
Figure

A) Analysis of RB-immunoprecipitates from human leukemia cell extracts
B) Analysis of RB and E7 protein interactions by pull-down assay (T: total cell extract; S: supernatant; P: pellet)
Questions
1. What was the goal of [35S]methionine and [32P]phosphate labeling?
2. What do bands a and b represent?
3. What does the state of RB protein (graph A) tell you about the cell cycle conditions of the leukemia cells?
4. How did phorbol ester treatment affect the synthesis and phosphorylation of the RB protein?
5. How would the effect of phorbol ester treatment affect the leukemia cell culture?
6. What phenomenon was studied in the experiment that produced graph B?
7. Which form of the RB protein is affected by the E7 oncoprotein?
8. What effect would expression of the E7 protein in the leukemia cells have?
9. Summarize the mechanism of action of the E7 oncoprotein.

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