To prepare for this activity, please review The plagiarism spectrum: Instructor insights into the 10 types of plagiarism(Links to an external site.). https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/10-types-of-plagiarism.pdf

Part of scientific research includes conveying knowledge (about theory, research, etc.) to others in an ethical manner, avoiding plagiarism (review the Plagiarism Guide(Links to an external site.) for more).

This is a key professional skill to develop. In this activity, you will practice using your own Academic Voice(Links to an external site.) and applying in-text citations (review the APA: Citing Within Your Paper(Links to an external site.) web page for more).

Review the following original and plagiarized passages:

ORIGINAL AUTHOR’S THOUGHTS

The correlational method can be very useful, but it must be used with caution. If knowledge of one variable (age) helps predict another (buying), does that mean that one causes the other? Not necessarily. It is possible that the first variable caused the second, or that the second variable caused the first, or that some other variable caused both variables. Without further research we cannot know which possibility is true. For example, a researcher might find a negative correlation in schools between the number of teachers monitoring hallway behavior and the number of acts of aggression in the hallway. It is possible that more teachers in the hallway caused lower aggression, but it is also possible that there were fewer teachers in the hallway in the face of aggression because they had left to avoid it. Knowing that there is a correlation between two events does not tell us which, if either, is the cause. In fact, it is quite common to have a third variable cause a correlation between two other variables. For example, sunburn and outdoor temperature are correlated. Does this mean that hot weather causes sunburn or that sunburn causes hot weather? Of course not. The summer sun causes both sunburn and hot weather. Cum hoc propter hoc—correlation does not imply causation.

Reference

Feenstra, J. (2020). Social psychology (2nd ed.). Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/

REWRITE BY SOMEONE WANTING TO WRITE ABOUT THE ARTICLE AND ITS FINDINGS

“The correlational method can be very useful, but it must be used with caution.” If knowledge of one variable (height) helps predict another (weight), does that mean that one causes the other? Not necessarily. It is possible that the primary variable caused the secondary, or that the secondary variable caused the primary, or that some additional variable caused both variables. We cannot understand what chance is true without further studies. For example, ice cream consumption and violent crime are correlated. Does this mean eating ice cream causes violent crime? Or, does a spike in violent crime cause consumption of ice cream? Probably neither… rather, a common factor (e.g., heat) may be to blame for both. “Cum hoc propter hoc—correlation does not imply causation.”

• Assignment:
• Define academic voice and plagiarism.
• Apply your knowledge of academic voice and plagiarism to the rewritten passage, locating and identifying errors.
• Rewrite the passage appropriately using your own Academic Voice(Links to an external site.).
  • Be sure to utilize strategies for Quoting, Paraphrasing, & Summarizing(Links to an external site.), avoiding direct quotes and appropriately utilizing in-text citations.
• Demonstrate the importance of developing a strong academic voice for both your education and career.
  • What are some key features of academic writing that might be particularly relevant within your own program/intended career?
  • What types of plagiarism do you find most difficult to avoid? (See Turnitin, 2012).
  • What methods/strategies can you use to ensure that you avoid these errors in your own work?

Please read the following article, and address the questions that appear below in a four-page paper:

Alvarez, C., Greene, J., Hibbard, J., & Overton, V. (2016). The role of primary care providers in patient activation and engagement in self-management: a cross-sectional analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 16, 85. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1328-3

1. What research question did the authors set out to answer?

2. List the variables examined in this study.

3. What type of bias is inherent to the study design used in the study?

4. Which type of PCP is most likely to indicate more positive beliefs about the importance of patient knowledge and involvement in his/her care? (Table 1)

5. Identify the results that are statistically significant, list the highest tercile percentages for those items and their respective p-value. What does the difference in p-value mean? (Table 2)

6. What limitations were noted with regard to the study’s findings and conclusions?

Length: 4 pages typed, double-spaced, APA format.