prepare and submit a term paper on Principles of Highway and Railway Planning. Your paper should be a minimum of 2250 words in length.

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You will prepare and submit a term paper on Principles of Highway and Railway Planning. Your paper should be a minimum of 2250 words in length. The focus, however, is mainly on the transportation engineering side of these phases. Also, there are general principles, namely coordination, control, and routing that apply to all forms of transportation systems and also in ushering future ones (Ghosh & Lee, 2000). Furthermore, the basic concern is always to facilitate the movement of people and goods safely, cost-effectively, and efficiently.

In the overall scheme of the engineering process, planning is the initial stage of the project, the design is in the middle, and operation and maintenance takes place after highway or railway construction has been completed. This is roughly a linear process although there is some overlapping in practice. The whole process is illustrated below.

The planning stage is intricately tied to urban, suburban, and rural planning and also involves making technical forecast decisions and not only socio-economic but also political factors (Gopi). The need for the project is identified and ideally, the community is also involved so that the construction satisfies as many people and needs as possible. Also, the physical location and surroundings must be considered carefully during the planning. Detailed planning is also common during major modifications just as much as it is during new constructions or reconstructions. In this case, it could be due to improving capacity, safety, accessibility, structural repairs, etc. Major highways or railways are likely to involve planning at several levels of government and take longer to reach a consensus for its design. The decisions made during the planning stage are so important that they can affect the rest of the entire project and they limit the design options.

An important step before beginning on the design is to know exactly what type of highway or railway is to be designed.

creating a thesis and an outline on The Role of Mental Set in Classroom Management. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. Mental set

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I need help creating a thesis and an outline on The Role of Mental Set in Classroom Management. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. Mental set

Mental set refers the classroom management factors that are not addressed in classroom programs. Mental set is important for an effective classroom management. This is because most times they are overlooked. Most time when trying to solve a problem we tend to depend on the past solution. The mind has difficulties when trying to come up with new solutions. Often, mental set leads to rigid thinking that makes it difficult to come up with new solutions. For example, in the past a vacuum cleaner has been breaking down due to a broken belt. The owner of the vacuum cleaner will be changing the belt every time when it stops working even if the problem is not the belt. Mental set helps teachers to cultivate stance in relation to the classroom. Teachers can come up with solutions quickly in a classroom situation. For example, when children disrupt the classroom the teacher acts fast because he or she has experienced similar problem and had a solution to it. This helps to minimize class disruptions because the students know the teacher is in control (Marzano, R. J., Marzano, J. S., & Pickering, 2003).

Every human being has their strong and weak points. It is important for teachers to evaluate themselves in order to know their strengths and weaknesses. It helps a lot in maintaining an effective classroom management. As a teacher, my main strength is my ability to maintain a good relationship with the students. Having taught for some years, I have learned the importance of maintaining a good relationship with the students. This helps in improving the students’ performance and also helps in cooperating with them. My ability to accommodate students from different cultural backgrounds is another area I do well. Having taught student from the different culture, I have come to learn the importance of understanding the students (Montgomery, 2001).

Different cultures have different practices that if not understood can be misinterpreted. For example, Mexicans expect their children to be obedient, quiet and seek approval before acting. This can be interpreted as been overly dependent on the teacher. As a teacher, I tend to act swiftly in class this is an area I can do better. A case of a situation in class, I tend to act quickly without consulting what had caused the particular incident. Due to the fact, I have encountered similar situations in a classroom. This is an area I can work on in order to be a better classroom manager (Weinstein, Curran, & Tomlinson-Clarke, 2003).

For every teacher, every day is a growing day. Therefore, it is important for teachers to have action plans that will help in their growth in their weak areas (West, Leon-Guerrero, & Stevens, 2007). Action plans help teachers to be more aware of the actions of their students in the class. My first action plan is to be reframing that is looking for reasons why students behave in a particular manner. Instead of reacting immediately I should be looking for reasons why the particular situation has happened. For example, if a student is continuously misbehaving in class I should not be quick to punish them rather try to find out what cause this. My second action plan is to watch a master teacher. Watching a teacher who has taught for some time give you pointers on how manage your classroom. The master teachers have a vast experience in effective classroom management.

In conclusion, mental set is vital for all teachers because it helps them to deal with students. It makes the teachers aware of the situations in their classrooms. Mental set helps teachers to be in control of their classrooms. It also helps them to be better classroom managers.

References

Marzano, R. J., Marzano, J. S., & Pickering, D. (2003). Classroom management that works:

Research-based strategies for every teacher. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Montgomery, W. (2001). Creating culturally responsive, inclusive classrooms. Teaching

Exceptional Children, 33(4), 4-9.

Weinstein, C., Curran, M., & Tomlinson-Clarke, S. (2003). Culturally responsive classroom

management: Awareness into action. Theory into Practice, 42(4), 269-276.

West, E., Leon-Guerrero, R. M., & Stevens, D. (2007). Establishing Codes of Acceptable

Schoolwide Behavior in a Multicultural Society. Beyond Behavior, 16(2), 32-38.

Write 3 pages thesis on the topic annotated bibliography on the use of nuclear weapons during wwii.

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Write 3 pages thesis on the topic annotated bibliography on the use of nuclear weapons during wwii. Most of primary sources date back to the time when historical events happened. During world war two in 1945, the United States of America attacked Japan with several nuclear bombs. These bombs carry the names ‘little boy’ and ‘fat man’. Primary sources on the nuclear weapons reveal a lot of information on the effects of the bombs. Laurence, William. “NAGASAKI WAS THE CLIMAX OF THE NEW MEXICO TEST,” LIFE Vol.19 (13) (1945). 30-31. The ‘LIFE’ magazine acts as a good primary source sine it was one of the magazines reporting on the happenings of the world war in 1945. The September 24, 1945 issue had a cover photo of military men in war. This photo gave the reader an insight on the then ongoing war. That was the second war that brought about the nuclear weapons. Laurence William authored the article, “NAGASAKI WAS THE CLIMAX OF THE NEW MEXICO TEST”. The author had the mandate of making official reporting on all proceedings of the trials and release of the atomic bombs and provides firsthand information of the release “Fat man’. Since he was among the crew of people dropping the bomb on Nagasaki, his article becomes very dependable. He expresses the thrill of the crew because they had every hope that the bombing of Nagasaki would be the end of the Second World War. He then elaborates the explosion of the radioactive bomb, giving details, of the effects on the city and land. He describes the resulting crater, the flashing of the atomic light, the uprising of dust-like fire that he calls a new living thing. The article captures the attention of the reader because it has an illustration of the real damage on the ground. It paints a picture of the massive impact of atomic power. He must have written the article to narrate the experience to the United States audience. This bomb marked the end of the Second World War and a clear description of the exact bombing mission was of great interest to the American public. The article paints a picture of the atomic explosion that marked the end of the war but remains in history for its effects. Marshak, R. E., Nelson, E. C. and Schiff, L. I. “Atomic Bomb Damage-Japan and USA,”Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 1 (10) (1946). 6. The bulletin of atomic scientists is another valuable primary source that contains articles on the breakthroughs in atomic science. The May 1, 1946 issue elaborated the potential of the atomic bomb. Marshak, Nelson, and Schiff describe the destructive causes of the atomic bomb. The authors give details of how the blast, heat, gamma rays, and byproducts on the ground cause destruction. According to the authors, the blast causes collapse of buildings while the heat or fire can result to burns. In addition, the gamma rays cause devastating effects to the people and to objects on the ground. The Bulletin of the atomic scientists aims at updating the public on development in nuclear weapon development and this is the reason why the authors elaborate their facts in understandable terms. Cate, James, United States Air Force , Air Historical Group, United States, USAF Historical Division, Officer of Air force History. The Army Air Forces in World War II: Plans and early operations, January 1939 to August 1942, (Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing, 1948), 1-7.

Write 8 pages with APA style on Analyse Schmitt’s friend/enemy distinction.

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Write 8 pages with APA style on Analyse Schmitt’s friend/enemy distinction. In fact, he is righteously considered as Niccolo Machiavelli of the present days for the absence of the sentimental moralizing, and humanistic rhetoric. Political Theology and Friend/Enemy Distinction Considering the bases of the political theology, originated by Carl Schmitt, it should be emphasized that in describing the legislative problems, the clear and realistic image of the political and social processes should be given in the first turn. Hence, utopist considerations, as well as a priori imperatives and dogmas should be abandoned. However, the distinction of the enemy and friend concepts should be started from the Schmitt’s studies of the critical situations in politics. Therefore, the key consideration, needed to realize the enemy/friend concept, could be found in the “The Concept of the Political” work (Schmitt, 1996). Hence, Schmitt emphasizes that the people can only exist only if it forms the independent political community, and only if it juxtaposes itself with the other political communities, thus, preserving its own understanding of the specificity. However, this viewpoint does not fit the humanistic demagogy, common for Marxist and liberal-democratic concepts, the world history shows that this is the actual image of the political sphere, though, utopist, post-enlightenment consciousness of most politicians and political researches can not realize it. In reality, the enemy-friend opposition exists in any political regimes and within any peoples. Otherwise, the nations and States would not be able to preserve their own image. In general, this concept can be supported by the following premise: The equation state = politics becomes erroneous and deceptive as exactly the moment when state and society penetrate each other. What had been up to that point affairs of state become thereby social matters, and, vice versa, what had been purely social matters become affairs of state – as must necessarily occur in a democratically organized unit. Heretofore ostensibly neutral domains – religion, culture, education, the economy – then cease to be neutral in the sense that they do not pertain to state and to politics. (Schmitt, 1996, p. 22) Considering the split of the neutral domains from the state and politics looks as unnatural, and even artificial, Schmitt emphasizes that the identity of the state and nation is defined through the depoliticalization. Therefore, these neutral domains, being the anti thesis of the political, define the key frame for the national identity, and further friend/enemy distinction. Therefore, by analyzing the assertion of the anti-humanistic nature of such a distinction of the friends and enemies, Carl Schmitt emphasizes that in case one dares to speak on behalf on the whole humankind and abstract humanity, this means that one claims to deprive one’s possible opponents of the human features, and placing these opponents beyond the frames of humanity and law. (Schmitt, 1996) In the light of this statement, such an assertion means that defining peace and the frames of the humanistic political measures can be regarded as a claim for the most dreadful war.