prepare and submit a paper on the use of polymers in liquid pharmaceutical formulations.

/in /by

Your assignment is to prepare and submit a paper on the use of polymers in liquid pharmaceutical formulations. . Polymers are extensively used to deliver better drug products. They are employed in film coatings to mask the unpleasant taste of the drug, to improve the stability of hydrophilic drugs, to facilitate handling, and to alter the drug release properties (Jones 2004). Polymers are increasingly dominating the scene as the drug carrier for controlled-release systems. During the process, the drug is released. the polymers get degraded and are sometimes absorbed within the body.

The drugs can be administered to the patient in many forms like liquid, solid, or semisolid. The oral route of administration consists of liquid solutions, emulsions, or suspensions, or in solid forms such as capsules or tablets. It is desirable to provide liquid pharmaceutical formulation to infants, children, older persons, and many other persons who are unable to swallow whole tablets and capsules (Yu & Roche 2001).

When a medicament is given orally, the palatability of the active ingredient is an extremely important factor in ensuring patient compliance. The contact of the active ingredient with the mouth can not be prevented in liquid dosage forms. Sometimes, undesirable taste can be masked by adding flavoring ingredients and sweeteners. However, drugs like antibiotics possess a very strong, bitter, unpleasant taste. To improve the taste and palatability of liquid pharmaceuticals, various taste-masked coating compositions have been employed in the formulation of liquid suspension dosage forms. These formulations should be stable, palatable in the aqueous environment over a prolonged period, relatively insoluble at the non-acidic pHs of the mouth, and exhibit immediate bioavailability after swallowing and ingestion (Danny & Edward 2001). The “reverse enteric coating” provides for rapid release and absorption of the drug in the acidic pH of the stomach, is desirable in the case of liquid dosage forms. The drug particles are spray-coated with the taste masking polymer blend either directly or after granulation, and then the coated particles are admixed with an aqueous liquid vehicle for oral administration. The diffusion and solubility of the coating depend on the ratio of the components of the polymer blend and the physicochemical properties of the active ingredient being coated. Examples of the taste masking liquid pharmaceutical formulations are reported.&nbsp.

popular resistance ( criminology degree level) : what is the difference between a social bandit and a celebrity criminal answer

/in /by

I need some assistance with these assignment. popular resistance ( criminology degree level) : what is the difference between a social bandit and a celebrity criminal answer Thank you in advance for the help! In this view of the world, hierarchies of power cause pressure on the lower rungs of the hierarchy, and this explodes out into resistance to this control from above. This resistance can be organized in various ways, including through trades unions, political activism, lobbying etc, and from time to time through more violent acts such as revolution or criminal campaigns. This paper summarizes the different types of popular resistance, following Weber, and then looks at two particular categories of popular resistance: the social bandit and the celebrity criminal. The two categories are often confused, and in order to make it clear what the difference is between the two, four key factors will be examined in turn: the social origins of protest, the motivation for criminal acts, the choice of victims and crimes, and finally the enduring legacies of each type of rebel. Two historical examples are cited: the Indian social bandit Phoolan Devi (1963-2001) and American celebrity criminals Bonnie Parker (1910-1934) and Clyde Barrow (1909-1934). Popular resistance: Weber’s four types of social action In 1914 Weber analysed popular resistance by dividing it into four categories: “1) rational orientation to a system of discrete individual ends… 2) rational orientation to an absolute value… 3) affectual orientation, especially emotional determined by the specific affects and states of feeling of the actor and 4) traditionally oriented through the habituation of long practice.” (Weber, 1996, p. 115) His insight into the way that actions have both meaning for individuals themselves, and a wider set of meanings in interaction with others illuminates the activities of criminals and these categories will be used in the following analysis. Social origins of protest. Eric Hobsbawn commented that “banditry is a rather primitive form of organized social protest, perhaps the most primitive we know” and that poor people “consequently protect the bandit, regard him as their champion, and turn them into a myth.” (Hobsbawm, 1971, p. 13) A social bandit arises out of a community which is a sub group of a larger community or state, and which has a number of beliefs and practices which are different from the larger unit. A key to his or her role is that he or she has the support of local people, and is in conflict with a higher authority. The deeply traditional and patriarchal society into which Phoolan Devi was born condones her arranged marriage to a man three times her age, and supports a caste system which condemns millions of people to poverty and squalor while higher caste landlords dominate lower caste peasants. Devi was captured and abused by local dacoits (an Indian term for roaming bandits). Her outrage and utter helplessness during this shocking treatment is the fundamental origin of for her rebellion. She grew up at the bottom of huge and impenetrable hierarchies of gender, social caste and provincial location, illiterate and poor, unable to defend herself from continuous oppression. The reality of India in the mid to late twentieth century is a fully modern industrial state with a huge deficit in terms of wealth distribution and rule of law. It seems then that Phoolan Devi’s early atrocities owe much to the third of Weber’s categories, namely affectual orientation. Clyde Barrow was a young man who began a life of crime by stealing cars and thieving in the early 1930s.

 

methanol to acetic acid

/in /by

I need some assistance with these assignment. methanol to acetic acid Thank you in advance for the help! These routes include methyl formate isomerization, methanol carbonylation, synthesis gas to acetic acid, vapor phase oxidization to acetic acid and other novel technologies (Sunley, G., &amp. Watson, D., 2000 p.294). The carbonylation of methanol in the production of acetic acid is capable of catalyzing at high rates with minimal water concentrations while using iridium or iodide based reactor. The onset of methanol carbonylation to acetic acid began in 1960 and was commercialized by the BASF. In this introductory approach, the production o acetic acid employed the use of cobalt catalyst that was in operational synergy with the iodide as a co-catalyst. This process was conducted at high pressures of about 680 bars as well as high temperatures of 250 degrees Celsius. The Baden Aniline and Soda Factory (BASF) selectivity procedure to acetic acid production accounts for about 90% on the basis of methanol. In the mid 1960s, Monsanto developed a novel approach in methanol carbonylation using rhodium as the major catalyst again aided with iodide as a co-catalyst. This acetic acid production mechanism was highly selective accounting for approximately 99% based upon methanol (Sunley, G., &amp. Watson, D., 2000 p.294). The use of rhodium in methanol carbonylation was novel because it allowed acetic acid production under mild chemical environments.

Write a 7 pages paper on the language of paradox by sherman alexie. The paradox is used to present contradictions, irony and highlight the implications in a situation, relationship, themes, and so on. The poem “On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City” by Sherman Alexie is analyzed based on Cleanth Brooks’ notion of paradox in the language of poetry.

/in /by

Write a 7 pages paper on the language of paradox by sherman alexie. The paradox is used to present contradictions, irony and highlight the implications in a situation, relationship, themes, and so on. The poem “On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City” by Sherman Alexie is analyzed based on Cleanth Brooks’ notion of paradox in the language of poetry.

Sherman Alexie presents a Native American narrator in the poem. The title suggests that it is about an experience onboard a train from Boston to New York City, but the poem goes deeper than that. The poem opens with a reference to a “white woman”.

On the surface level, this is just an account of what the white woman said, her curiosity about a particularly old house and its historical significance. However, the meaning of the old house is different for the two people, the white woman and the native American. This difference is brought out in the following lines when the narrator says that American history:

As Cleanth Brooks says, “the terms are continually modifying each other, and thus violating their dictionary meanings” (p.9), the word “history” gets modified by the words “sits museum” to convey a fragmented meaning of history. Unlike what the white woman believes, history dates back thousands of years, which is ignored or simply forgotten. So the phrase “all the history” by the white woman, when she refers to the house becomes meaningless or contradictory to the idea of the narrator. The “old house” becomes a metaphor for the interpretation of American history by the whites and it being “museumed” is quite ironic.

Also, “past me” can be considered as a paradox here because the narrator stands evidence or representation of centuries-old American history, but the white woman notices something past the narrator, maybe missing the real ‘history’.