Microbiology

/in /by

 
Create a 2- to 3-page document in Microsoft Word for providing answers to questions in the following review sheets:
Support your responses with examples.
Cite any sources in APA format.
Week 5 – Review Sheet
Exercise 1: Moist and dry heat
1. How are microorganisms destroyed by moist heat? By dry heat?
 
2. Are some microorganisms more resistant to heat than others? Why?
 
3. Is moist heat more effective than dry heat? Why?
 
4. Why does dry heat require higher temperatures for longer time periods to sterilize than does moist heat?
 
5. What is the relationship of time to temperature in heat sterilization? Explain.
 
 
Exercise 2: The autoclave
 
1. Define the principles of sterilization with an autoclave and with a dry heat oven.
 
2. What pressure, temperature, and time are used in routine autoclaving?
 
3. What factors determine the time period necessary for steam-pressure sterilization? Dry-heat oven sterilization?
 
4. Why is it necessary to use bacteriologic controls to monitor heat- sterilization techniques?
 
5. When running an endospore control of autoclaving technique, why is one endospore preparation incubated without heating?

What is an infectious disease?

/in /by

Consider the following scenario:
Due to an increase in chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer death in the United States as well as infectious diseases, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food & Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) have formed a joint task force and has tasked you with developing an educational presentation on these topics to share with your community. Due to the public’s lack of knowledge on these topics, it is your job to create a presentation that is informative and educational regarding your chosen topic.
Research your topic using online sources such as the FDA, CDC, NIH, WHO and local sources for content on your topic for this presentation.
Choose ONE of the following chronic diseases/cancer and one of the infectious diseases:
Chronic Diseases/Cancer (select 1)
Coronary artery disease Hypertension Type 2 Diabetes Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Obesity Alzheimer’s Disease Breast Cancer Lung cancer
Infectious Diseases (select 1)
Hepatitis A TB Influenza Staphylococcus HIV/AIDS
Create a 20- to 22-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation with appropriate images, if needed.
Include the following points for the chronic disease/cancer selected:
Provide a brief background on your chosen disease. Explain the disease. What are the risk factors, both modifiable and non-modifiable? Identify how this disease develops (is it sudden or progress through stages). What are the symptoms of the disease? Identify ways of preventing this disease. Include how a fitness or exercise program, if any, can help prevent this disease? How does exercise help prevent the disease? Identify the nutritional needs of the individual with this disease, as well as what diet should be implemented to meet the nutritional needs. Discuss both in terms of how diet can prevent the onset of the disease as well as the type of diet needed to treat the disease.
Explain how to treat this disease using conventional medicine and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), otherwise known as holistic medicine. Discuss how conventional and CAM can be used to treat the disease. Which aspects of CAM are used in this particular chronic disease/cancer? Can CAM be used as a preventive measure? How? Make recommendations for where your audience might search for more information regarding this disease. Make sure these are credible sources (e.g. not Wikipedia). Explain the criteria for determining credible sources.
Include the following points for the infectious disease selected:
What is an infectious disease? Which infectious disease did you select? Define the disease you selected. Is the disease new or has it occurred in the past? Provide a brief history of this infectious disease. Does the disease present a significant problem for the human population globally, or is it localized? Describe the cause (name of the pathogen involved in the disease) and symptoms of the disease. Which populations are most susceptible to infection? How is the disease transmitted? Is there a vaccine or treatment available for the disease? How is it treated?

List 5 mechanisms by which gene frequencies in a population can be altered. Describe each briefly!

/in /by

List 5 mechanisms by which gene frequencies in a population can be altered. Describe each briefly!

Biology Questions

/in /by
  1. The plural of villus (hair) is ____________ whereas the plural of diagnosis is ____________
  •  villuses, diagnosises.
  • villi, diagnoses.villus,
  • diagnosis.villi, diagnosis.
  • villuses, diagnosis.

2. Three common components of a feedback loop are

  • a stimulus, an integrating (control) center, and an organ system.

a stimulus, a receptor, and an integrating (control) center.

  • a receptor, an integrating (control) center, and an effector.
  • a receptor, an organ, and an organ system.
  • a receptor, an integrating (control) center, and an organ system.
  1. The ____________ is defined as a healthy male 22 years old, weighing 70 kg (154 lb), under no environmental stress, and consuming 2,800 kilocalories (kcal) per day; whereas the ________ is the same except for a weight of 58 kg (128 lb) and an intake of 2,000 kcal/day.
  • normal man, normal woman
  • normal male, normal female
  • average man, average woman
  • average male, average woman
  • reference man, reference woman

Top of Form
4. Stereoscopic vision provides

  • opposable perception.
  • color perception.
  • depth perception.
  • bipedalism.
  • walking upright.

5.The constant appearance of new strains of influenza virus is an example of

  • a model.
  • evolution.
  • selection pressure.
  • survivorship.
  • success.
  1. _____________ is the view that not everything about an organism can be understood or predicted from the knowledge of its components; that is, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Naturalism
Reductionism
Holism
Materialism
Science

  1. Top of Form
  2. Most primates are ________________, meaning they live in trees.

prehensile
bipedal
cursorial
troglodytic
arboreal
Top of Form

  1. The terms physics, physiology, and physician come from a term that ___ proposed to distinguish natural causes from supernatural causes.

Hippocrates
Plato
Schwann
Aristotle
Avicenna
Top of Form

  1. The lexicon of standard international anatomical terms

is called Terminologia Anatomica (TA).
is called Nomina Anatomica (NA).
is formed from thousands of English word roots.
is formed from thousands of Italian word roots.
is formed from thousands of French word roots.
Top of Form

  1. Hypercalcemia means

elevated calcium levels in blood.
lowered calcium levels in bone.
elevated sodium levels in blood.
elevated calcium levels in bone.
lowered calcium levels in the blood.
Top of Form

  1. ___________________ was the first to publish accurate drawings of the body, and is thus regarded as “the father of modern anatomy.”

Vesalius
Maimonides
Harvey
Aristotle
van Leeuwenhoek
12. Feeling structures with your fingertips is called _________, whereas tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities is called ____________
palpation; auscultation.
auscultation; percussion.
percussion; auscultation.
palpation; percussion.
percussion; palpation.

  1. The principal theory of how evolution works is called

natural pressure.
selective pressure.
darwinian pressure.
natural adaptation.
natural selection.
Top of Form

  1. Which of the following was an adaptation evolved in connection with human upright walking?

hair
thumbs fully opposable
stereoscopic vision
color vision
spinal and pelvic anatomy

  1. The process of using numerous observations to develop general principles and predictions about a specific subject is called

experimental design.
deductive method.
inductive method.
hypothesis.
statistical testing.

  1. Which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest?

organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system
organ system, organ, cell, tissue, organelle
organ system, organelle, tissue, cell, organ
organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle
organ, organ system, tissue, cell, organelle

  1. Taking apart a clock to see how it works is similar to ____________ thinking about human physiology.

comparative
evolutionary
holistic
inductive
reductionist
Top of Form

  1. Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?

mitochondrion, connective tissue, protein, stomach, adipocyte (fat cell)
protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach
mitochondrion, connective tissue, stomach, protein, adipocyte (fat cell)
protein, adipocyte (fat cell), stomach, connective tissue, mitochondrion
protein, stomach, connective tissue, adipocyte (fat cell), mitochondrion
Top of Form

  1. Negative feedback loops are

homeostatic.
not homeostatic.
associated with “vicious circles.”
self-amplifying cycles.
harmful.
Bottom of Form

  1. Humans are born before their nervous system have matured, which is traceable to

their inability to regulate body temperature.
skeletal adaptations to bipedalism.
the arboreal habits of early primates.
the conditions of modern civilization.
the diet of early species of Homo.
Bottom of Form