Briefly describe the biology behind DNA-based Vaccines and Gene Therapy

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• Examine three (3) differences between DNA and RNA then explain two (2) main reasons why DNA is the most favorable molecule for genetic material. Next suggest how RNA compares to DNA in regards to genetic material.
• Go to The Guardian website and read the article titled “Mind-control device lets people alter genes in mice through power of thought” found here. Next discuss three (3) main points of the article you found most significant then explain two (2) ways the article you read relates to this week’s lesson. Provide examples of this relation with your response.
• Mutations are the original source of genetic variation. Explain how mutations can be either beneficial or harmful then provide an example for each. Next identify a disease, which is caused by a mutation, and then describe the biological basis of your chosen disease. In your response be sure to note the exact disease causing mutation.
• Briefly describe the biology behind DNA-based Vaccines and Gene Therapy. Next suggest what you believe are the major similarities and differences between these two (2) therapies. Which do you believe is the best option? Justify your response.

Which of the following BEST captures the difference between Hobbes’ Law of nature and St. Thomas Aquinas’ Natural law?

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1. According to atomism
A) nothing is created out of nothing, nor can something be reduced to nothing.
B) compounds of atoms are eternal because the atoms that comprise them are eternal.
C) some things are created out of nothing, and some things can be reduced to nothing.
D) nothing is created out of nothing, and everything can be reduced to nothing.
2. Death, according to Epicurus,
A) is either a dreamless sleep or a journey to another world.
B) is deprivation of sensation.
C) is a journey to another world
D) remains a mystery to us.
3. If the fundamental claims of atomism are true, then
A) the cosmos is devoid of incorporeal beings.
B) the only truly divine things are the eternal, indestructible atoms.
C) there is no afterlife.
D) All of the above.
4. If “the impious man is not he who denies the gods of the many, but he who attaches to
the gods the beliefs of the many,” then
A) believers in personal immortality and divine providence are impious.
B) believers in atomism are impious, and believers in personal immortality are pious.
C) believers in atomism are pious.
D) Both A and C
5. According to Epicurus, the human soul
A) is made up of atoms
B) cannot survive the death of the body
C) is the organ of sensation
D) All of the above.
6. According to Epicurus,
A) One ought to pursue wealth, as it can afford us greater comfort and pleasure
B) Not all pleasures are to be chosen
C) The happy life requires that one pursue only the vain desires
D) No one knows whether death may not be the greatest of evils
7. Which of the following BEST describes the logical connection(s) between atomism
and hedonism in Epicurus’ thought? Read each answer option very carefully!
A) Atomism denies the existence of incorporeal beings, such as immortal souls. If the
human soul—the organ of perception and thought—is made up of atoms which disperse
back into nature at life’s end, then death would be nothing more than a dreamless, eternal
sleep and not a journey into another, potentially wretched, world. The Epicurean,
knowing this, thereby achieves a reassuring calmness of mind, a tranquility of soul.
B) According to atomism, the universe is made up exclusively of atoms and void, and
there are immortal gods which are highly complex compounds of atoms. These gods
direct the course of human events, and reward individuals who avoid overindulgence in
sensual pleasures, and punish with infirmity and disease those who do not.
C) According to atomism, the universe is made up exclusively of atoms and void, having
been created this way by the gods. In order to live a good and happy life, the human
being must practice moderation and self-restraint with regard to the bodily pleasures, and
concentrate all of his energies on “knowing the truth about god.” Only when he
understands that mankind was designed to live according to the universal moral law
established by his Maker can he enjoy the tranquility of soul which constitutes the very
highest kind of pleasure.
D) According to atomism, the universe is made up exclusively of atoms and void, and
the human being is thus nothing more than a body. A good life is a life lived in
accordance with nature. Epicurus says “every pleasure because of its natural kinship to us
is good, yet not every pleasure is to be chosen.” The very BEST life will be one dedicated
exclusively to the proper maintenance of the body, through healthy lifestyle choices.
8. A man brutally murders an innocent victim. According to Epicurus, in what way would
this act rightly be considered “evil”?
A) Such an act is a direct violation of the divine commandment: “Thou shalt not kill.”
B) Such an act is a direct violation of the victim’s unalienable right to life.
C) The criminal is doing irreparable harm to his own soul.
D) Such an act is evil insofar as it engenders a fear in the mind of the criminal of
eventually being caught and punished severely by the civil authorities.
9. Which of the following arguments against vulgar hedonism does Epicurus NOT make?
A) Even though every pain is an evil, not all pains are to be avoided.
B) Vulgar hedonism undermines traditional morality.
C) The pains consequent upon over-indulgence either cancel the pleasures or leave a
balance of pain.
D) The vulgar hedonist fails to discriminate properly among the various desires and the
different pleasures that come from their satisfaction.
10. Each of the following is, according to Epicurus, an essential ingredient to living well
EXCEPT:
A) Friendship
B) Equanimity
C) Health
D) Wealth
11. For Epicurus, the good life consists in
a. the delight one takes in a spirited game of chess.
b. Enjoying good food and drink.
c. Freedom from pain and mental anxiety.
d. experiencing a “runner’s high.”
5
1. Each of the following is an essential feature of law EXCEPT:
a. It must be rational.
b. It must be made known.
c. It aims at the good of certain individuals only.
d. It must be made by whoever has care of the community.
2. Law is more concerned with protecting property rights than with making human beings
good.
T/F
3. Each of the following is a type of law discussed by St. Thomas in our reading
EXCEPT:
a. divine law
b. eternal law
c. human law
d. none of the above
4. If a law is not promulgated, then
a. It is not a legitimate law.
b. Everyone has a duty to search for and discover it.
c. It is binding only on those who are able to discover it.
d. None of the above.
5. A law whose effect is to diminish the common good would, according to St. Thomas,
be
a. Legitimate, so long as it’s made by him who has care of the community.
b. An ordinance of reason.
c. Legitimate, so long as it’s promulgated.
d. Tyrannical.
6. Which of the following statements about the eternal law is correct?
a. It is God’s rule over the cosmos
b. It is identical with God’s essence, and as such cannot be known in itself.
c. It is identical with Divine Reason
d. All of the above
7. Divine law is necessary because
a. Of the restricted scope of the human law.
b. Of man’s inability to judge other men’s motives and intent.
c. Man’s ultimate end is not discoverable by human reason.
d. All of the above.
8. Each of the following statements is consistent with St. Thomas’ natural law theory
EXCEPT:
a. The good is that which is consistent with man’s nature.
b. All lifestyles are natural.
c. The purpose of law is to make men good.
d. That which runs contrary to man’s nature is “evil”.
9. Each of the following is a natural human inclination enumerated by Thomas Aquinas
EXCEPT:
a. To know the truth about God
b. To procreate
c. To live in society
d. None of the above.
10. According to Thomas Aquinas’ concept of Natural Law, all of the following would be
deemed immoral EXCEPT:
a. Suicide
b. Homosexuality
c. Willful ignorance
d. None of the above
11. According to St. Thomas’ Natural Law teaching,
i. God is the author of the natural law
ii. human laws are always grounded in the natural law
iii. Nobody can have any understanding of the natural law if they lack access to the Bible
and its teachings
iv. morality is inseparable from human nature
v. Man’s natural inclinations in one society may be completely different in another
society
vi. killing innocents is wrong only because in the Bible God said “Thou Shalt Not Kill.”
vii. Philosophy (the love of wisdom) is natural, and hence good.
a. i, ii, iii.
b. i, v, vi.
c. i, iv, vii.
d. iii, vi, vii.
12. Human law
a. Is man-made.
b. Is the application of natural law
c. Is valid only if it aims at the common good
d. All of the above
13. Nature is to convention as
i. what is mutable is to what is immutable
ii. what is immutable is to what is mutable
iii. biology is to fashion
iv. divine law is to natural law
v. natural law is to man-made law
a. i, ii, iv.
b. ii, iv.
c. i, ii, v.
d. ii, iii, v.
Chapter 6
1. According to Hobbes, which two needs drive human action?
a. Personal gain and love of others
b. Personal gain and survival
c. Love of others and survival
d. Love of others and desire for peace
2. Why, according to Hobbes, do human beings enter into a commonwealth?
a. Self-preservation
b. Commodious living
c. Stability
d. All of the above
3. According to Hobbes’ Leviathan, human life without government would be characterized
by each of the following EXCEPT:
a. no agriculture
b. no technology
c. no clocks
d. all of the above
4. “But though the benefits of this life may be much furthered by
mutual help; since yet those may be better attained to by dominion,
than by the society of others, I hope no body will doubt, but that men
would much more greedily be carried by nature, if all fear were
removed, to obtain dominion, than to gain society.”
What is Hobbes’ main argument in this passage?
a. Most people would prefer to achieve comfortable self-preservation
through entering into collaborative associations
b. The life of a tyrant is preferable to that of a mere citizen
c. The life of a citizen is preferable to that of a greedy tyrant
d. Without law and order, life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and
short.”
5. “Drive safely: the life you save may be your own.”
This would be an example of:
a. Psychological realism
b. Christ’s Golden Rule
c. Hobbes’ Golden Rule
d. A and B
6. According to Hobbes, government censorship is necessary
a. because some opinions might incite people to rebellion
b. In order to promote concord
c. Because peace, stability, and security are more important than “free
speech” rights
d. All of the above
7. In Hobbes, “good” and “evil” refer to:
a. Pleasure and pain
b. Virtue and vice
c. The object of love, the object of aversion
d. A and C
8. Each of the following is a characteristic of the state of nature EXCEPT:
a. It is a war of every man against every man
b. Life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short
c. There are abundant resources available for human consumption
d. There are no property rights
9. For Hobbes, the greatest good and the greatest evil, respectively, for a human being
are:
a. Glory and disgrace
b. Comfortable self-preservation and violent death
c. Salvation of one’s soul and eternal damnation
d. Virtue and vice
10. Hobbes’ statement, “In the state of nature, profit is the measure of right” signifies that
a. Nature rewards energy and aggression
b. Upright moral character is what gets you ahead
c. Hobbes believes in karma
d. Good intentions always prevail over immoral deeds
11. St. Thomas Aquinas and Thomas Hobbes would agree on which of the following?
a. Commodious living is the highest object of human aspiration
b. Man is by nature a political animal
c. Do unto others as you would have others do unto you
d. None of the above
12. Each of the following is true about Hobbes’ social contract theory EXCEPT:
a. It is the most viable means of escaping the horrors of the state of nature
b. It stipulates that one must be willing to sacrifice one’s life on behalf of the
commonwealth
c. It forbids private men the freedom to be the judge of good and evil actions.
d. It exists for the sake of preventing men from harming one another and being harmed
by one another
13. Which of the following BEST captures the difference between Hobbes’ Law of nature
and St. Thomas Aquinas’ Natural law?
a. The former induces you to treat others as you would want to be treated, whereas the
latter induces you not to treat others as you would not want to be treated
b. The former seeks the good of the body only, whereas the latter seeks the good of both
body and soul
c. The former promotes charity and self-sacrifice, whereas the latter promotes hedonism
d. The former sees justice ultimately as the product of divine legislation, whereas the
latter sees justice strictly as a product of human legislation

Describe why the science of psychology places more emphasis on results based on scientific studies than it does on personal experiences and anecdotes.

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In this assignment, you will take a retrospective look at your life history. First, choose an area of the brain and explain what it does, as well as how it would impact an activity from your daily life. Then, analyze the roles of nature and nurture in shaping the person you are today. Next, describe the influences of culture, environment, and biology on your gender-role behavior. Subsequently, discuss possible sources of inaccuracy and bias in any retrospective analysis. Finally, discuss the reasons why systematic scientific studies are considered more valuable than individual accounts
Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you:
Section 1 (1-2 paragraphs):
Choose one of the following areas of your brain and explain what it does:
Thalamus
Reticular formation
Brain stem (pons and medulla)
Cerebellum
Limbic system
One of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex
Explain how the area you described contributes to a specific activity from your everyday life. (Example: During horseback riding, the cerebellum integrates information from the motor systems and balance system.)
Section 2 (1-2 paragraphs):
All of us have been shaped by both nature (biology) and nurture (environment), making us the persons we are today. In most cases, it is difficult to completely disentangle the separate effects of nature vs. nurture with much certainty. However, we can make some educated guesses based on our knowledge of familial tendencies that we may have inherited, as well as knowledge of our environment and experiences. In this section, we ask for you to make some educated guesses about the roles of nature and nurture in your life.
Describe the role of nature (biology) in shaping what kind of person you are today. Provide a specific example of the role of nature.
Describe the role of nurture (environment) in shaping what kind of person you are today. Provide a specific example of the role of nurture.
Section 3 (1-2 paragraphs):
Describe the influences of culture, your environment, and biology on your gender role behavior.
Use specific examples from your own life to explain your answers.
Section 4 (1-2 paragraphs):
Discuss the fallibility of memory in terms of bias and inaccuracy when you reflect on your past.
Identify specific memory biases that could affect how you remember your past. Include factors related to cognition.
Use specific examples from your own life.
Section 5 (1 paragraph):
Describe why the science of psychology places more emphasis on results based on scientific studies than it does on personal experiences and anecdotes.

What chemical combination is commonly used to terminate a pregnancy, killing the little one?

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A hormone that controls a person’s appetite might bind to ____________ proteins on
membranes in the brain.
What is the typical site of origin of leptin hormone?
In a normal person, what is the effect of elevated leptin levels in the bloodstream? 11.1 Life’s Responsiveness
If a bog plant designed to catch insects proves unable to do so, the result will be starvation
for ____________.
Why does a living thing need to be responsive?
Based on Figure 11.5 in your text, what is the role of homeostatic mechanisms? When an environmental change shifts an organism’s internal chemistry toward a new
state, the organism’s response is to try to return its chemistry toward the original state.
This tendency on the organism’s part is called ____________. 11.2 Responsiveness at the Transcriptional Level
In the lactose operon of E. coli, what causes the repressor protein to change its shape?
What is the resultant effect of the repressor protein’s shape change on lactose gene
expression?
When there is little or no lactose present in a bacterium’s environment, then the gene for
the lactose transport enzyme is not trans-____________ and trans-____________.
When there is little or no lactose present in a bacterium’s environment, then the gene for
the ____________ breakdown enzyme is not transcribed and translated.
When there is little or no lactose present in a bacterium’s environment, then the
____________ sequence in the DNA is bound by a repressor protein.
When there is little or no lactose present in a bacterium’s environment, then the
____________ operon is shut down.
When the lactose operon is functioning, the bacterium can ____________ and break down
lactose because ____________ and degradation genes are being transcribed. 11.3 Responsiveness at the Cellular Level
After a fly trips the sensory hair on the modified leaf of a Venus flytrap, what is the very
next step in the closing process?
According to Figure 11.10, list the complete sequence of chemical events in the closure of
a Venus flytrap. In the Venus flytrap, the enzyme expansin helps to close the trap by loosening the
____________ in the plant’s cell walls.
Once ____________ has weakened the cellulose in the walls of the leaf trap cells,
____________ rushes into the cells, expanding them and closing the trap. 11.5 Responsiveness at the Organ System Level
The suprachiasmatic nuclei in the brain help the human nervous system to respond to
daily alterations in ____________ and ____________. Page 1 of 4 BIOL 101 The ____________ ____________ enable the nervous system to respond to light/dark
alterations through their stimulation of the pineal ____________ in the center of your
head.
The human nervous system responds to daily alterations in light and darkness by
influencing melatonin levels in the ____________.
The human nervous system responds to daily alterations in light and darkness by
controlling how much melatonin reaches the ____________ nuclei.
The human nervous system responds to daily alterations in light and darkness by
modulating the amount of ____________ secretion of the hypothalamus.
The human nervous system responds to daily alterations in light and darkness by
influencing ____________ levels secreted by the thyroid gland.
The human nervous system responds to daily alterations in light and darkness by changing
the basal ____________ rate of your cells.
One effect of melatonin on the suprachiasmatic nuclei is that it corrects the ____________
of their day/night signaling system.
What is the general effect of decreasing melatonin levels in the body?
List 5 different reasons some individuals take a melatonin supplement. 12 Informational Continuity in Organisms
Biological information is preserved within the base sequence of what molecule? 12.1 Reproduction: Asexual and Sexual
Asexual Reproduction
Give 3 examples of asexual reproduction methods in plants. What method of asexual reproduction does the Kalanchoe plant utilize?
What method of asexual reproduction does the Iris plant utilize? Sexual Reproduction
One major advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that in sexual
reproduction, the population has increased ____________ variability.
List 4 disadvantages of sexual reproduction. An “allele” is a specific alternate form of a ____________. Page 2 of 4 BIOL 101 Two slightly different versions of genes that lie at the exact same location on two separate
homologous chromosomes are called ____________.
The phrase “two homologous sets of genes” can mean either two similar collections of
genes from two separate ____________, or two similar collections of genes arranged on
two complete sets of ____________. 12.2 Preparing Reproductive Cells for Multicellular Organisms
The Challenge of Making a Reproductive Cell
A reproductive cell must differ genetically from other normal body cells in what critical
way (because it will soon fuse with another reproductive cell to form a new individual)? How Can This Ploidy Problem Be Solved?
The specialized process that halves the number of chromosomes during sex cell formation
is named ____________. Meiosis: A Triumph of Genome Reduction and Genetic Variability
List in order 8 successive stages in the process of meiosis. The stage of meiosis in which the total number of chromosomes is reduced to half is
called the reduction division. Which stage brings this about?
For each of 23 pairs of chromosomes, the haploid egg cell will have either a maternal or
paternal chromosome, but it can be different for each pair. This explains how the process
of meiosis contributes to genetic ____________. Differentiation of Reproductive Cells: A Biological Context
In the human life cycle, diploid cells undergo a cell division process called
____________. The resulting haploid cells later fuse during ____________, which
regenerates diploid cells.
Early in your own development there exists a small subset of diploid cells called primary
germ cells. Where do they begin to develop? Where do they migrate to and lodge? What
process will they later go through to become haploid? What will they be called right
before the first cell division in that process?
Haploid secondary spermatocytes go on directly to complete meiosis, forming four
spermatid cells. These will eventually differentiate into sperm cells. The last stage of
meiosis (that generates the spermatids) is called ____________. 12.3 Reproduction in Humans
Oogenesis in Humans
A secondary oocyte that has undergone one meiotic division, a polar body, a fluid-filled
cavity, and a spherical cluster of nutritive cells are all found within a structure called a
mature ____________.
For about half of a woman’s monthly cycle, the hormone ____________ leaves the
pituitary gland and, at the ovary, signals it to bring a more advanced ____________ to
complete maturity. Page 3 of 4 BIOL 101 What hormone, suddenly secreted from the anterior pituitary gland in high levels, causes
the mature follicle to rupture from the ovary surface?
The reproductive system uses the hormones ____________ and (later on) ____________
to “think ahead.” They guide the preparation of the uterus for its role in supporting
pregnancy.
The mature egg, once ruptured from its follicle, is swept into the ____________ by
finger-like fringes called ____________.
Normally a fertilized egg ends its journey temporarily by implanting within the wall of
what structure? Spermatogenesis and Fertilization
Sperm cell production occurs within the interior lining of the ____________.
Using Figure 12.21, list in order the sequence of cell types that produce a sperm cell.
Leydig cells, testosterone, LH hormone, and FSH hormone are all involved in the control
of ____________ cell production.
List in order the structures by which a mature sperm cell travels from the epididymis to
the female’s reproductive tract.
Penetration of the egg’ zona pellucida by the sperm cell is a process driven by the activity
of a(n) ____________.
The quintessential (most basic/most important) moment of fertilization of the egg by the
sperm cell occurs when the male and female ____________ fuse together into one
nucleus. 12.4 Reproduction Constrained, Part 1: Control of Birth
Which methods of birth control work by blocking sperm on its journey from the testicle to
the Fallopian tube?
Which methods of birth control work by altering the hormonal chemistry of the female
partner?
Which of the following methods by which human conception can be postponed is least
invasive of the complexity of human physiology? the rhythm method, the vaginal ring,
oral contraceptives, tubal ligation, vasectomy
Name a birth control method that is primarily contraceptive and secondarily abortive in its
effects. 12.5 Reproduction Constrained, Part 2: Destruction of Life
Philosophers and Theologians Attempt to Define Personhood
How did the philosopher Plato set about to determine when human life begins? What
terms did he use? When did he consider human life to begin?
Aristotle, the “Father of Biology,” believed that a human being became a person once he
or she exhibited what characteristic? Biologists Work to Define the Human Individual
One excellent biological approach to determining when a mother and her conceptus
become separate individuals is the detection of the first measurable ____________
____________ ____________ via electroencephalography.
At about what time or stage of development does male genetic information from the
sperm begins to be translated into protein products? (This is used by some to determine
when a mother and her conceptus become separate individuals.) Destruction of Human Life Takes Various Forms
What chemical combination is commonly used to terminate a pregnancy, killing the little
one?
Briefly describe a common surgical procedure for aborting a little one. Page 4 of 4