Perin And Long-Range Bombers

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(ASSIGNMENT AND DRAFT WITH PROFESSOR COMMENTS SHOULD BE IN ATTACHMENT!)

BETTER PDF VERSION TO READ IF NEEDED — https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a533405.pdf

Background — When Perin did his analysis, the B2 was expected to be so invisible on radar that it was believed to require no escort by tactical aircraft.  (For example, jammers were not expected to be required; jammers are tactical aircraft that generate electronic noise that makes radar screens snowy.)  These expectations are the reason the ‘Northrop slide’ in Perin’s packet has only 2 B2s in its rightmost column (with aerial refueling aircraft added).

It was learned later that B2s aren’t that invisible on radar.  So, in actual combat (for the B2, that first came in the 1999 NATO war against Serbia), B2s now get tactical jammer escorts.

In the same way, B2 basing solely in Missouri — which was expected in 1991 — changed in later years.  For example, B2s operate from Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean when needed.  As mentioned in class, this choice enables higher sortie rates for the B2 than the one-sortie-per-B2 every three days that goes with Missouri basing for targets in the MidEast.

The purpose of the weekly assignments is to improve your ability to critique selected

defense reports, studies and briefings. They will help us to help you to quickly grasp the analytical foundation of any work, evaluate it, and to offer your views on it-· the key steps in critical thinking about defense analyses.

Because any defense leader-or any leader, for that matter-has limited time to spend on individual issues, a good critique must be succinct and dispassionate. Thus, your critiques are limited to 500 words. Good critiques are lean, crisp and, above all, illuminating. Good critiques also stand on their own-not requiring the reader to be intimately familiar with the analysis.

The following will help you get started:

After reading the work, and before you begin to write, try to fit the analysis into proper context. Keep in mind the setting in which a decision maker-the analysis’s and its

critique’s consumer-will view the work.

Next, identify the key assumptions that underlie The work Identify them explicitly (sometimes the author will help you), and decide the degree to which you agree or disagree to which you agree or disagree substantially with any particular assumptions, note why.

Identify alternative assumptions, if appropriate and possible. Pose at least one

competitor assumption (usually, one you’d prefer), and contrast its viability.

If the work is not current, make an issue of it only if new information has become available that refutes the work. (It is generally most appropriate to view the work from the time perspective when it was done.)

If important facts are incorrect –especially if they influence the results of the analysis –

identify and correct them. If other evidence or facts were omitted, characterize and add

them.

Finally, decide whether or the author’s conclusions flow from the works logic and evidence. If not jot down why not.

Why did Green Politics become an ideology, what was it reacting against?

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No plagiarizing and do NOT upload to TURNITIN. Please respond to each of the four short response questions posted below. Your answers should be short, focused, and complete, ranging from one to three paragraphs. Please make sure to answer each specific part of every question. Successful answers will provide details and context that support your arguments and explain your position to the readers. You may also want to provide real world examples taken from the readings, lectures, group discussions, or your own independent thinking. These illustrations can be from the course materials or your own ideas. Providing this context and being able to apply the material to YOUR OWN understanding of politics really shows us that you have mastered the material. Don not use outside materials.

The assigned reading materials are:

• American Government, Chapter 6: The Politics of Public Opinion https://openstax.org/books/american-government-2e/pages/6-introduction

• American Government, Chapter 7: Voting and Elections https://openstax.org/books/american-government-2e/pages/7-introduction

• American Government, Chapter 8: The Media https://openstax.org/books/american-government-2e/pages/8-introduction

• Prior, Markus. 2007. “The Real Media Divide” The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/15/AR2007071501110.html

• Grossman, Matt. 2018. “The media isn’t making people more divided .” https://medium.com/trust-media-and-democracy/partisanteam-f59a45b19536

1. Where does public opinion come from? Discuss its cognitive foundations and how socialization produces these. Why might it be collectively rational? Why not?

2. Describe important differences between focus groups, nonscientific polling, and scientific polling, including their benefits and drawbacks. Which is best for accurately measuring public opinion? Why? How might this type still fail?

 

 

3. What types of factors explain an individual voter’s probability of turning out to vote? What could be done to increase voter turnout?

4. What factors influence how the media covers political issues? How do these standards influence the way the public thinks about policy problems, political events, and electoral contests? What could the media do to improve how Americans think about such important

Pamphlet On Policy Issue

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Required Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:

Instructions
You are a lobbyist for an issue that you find important. For example, you would like to see the banning of smoking in federal buildings (Note: This policy has already been enacted.) You are going to make an informational pamphlet to highlight your points to prominent members of Congress. Research members of Congress that you will target in your lobbying. Explain why these members are critical to your goal. Make a plan of action and produce a pamphlet supporting your cause. Who will you be reaching out to? Why? Write a cover letter to a Congressional member and include your reasoning for reaching out to them in particular in the letter. Remember a lobbyist is only as good as the information they provide. A lobbyist who provides incomplete or unreliable information will soon be unemployed, or lose access to officials.

Cover letter should:

  • Follow a standard business format
  • Correctly address your Congressperson
  • Use the correct postal address
  • Explain your choice to write to this representative in particular, and provide your pamphlet. For example, maybe your research showed that this representative sponsored legislation on this issue in the past.

Pamphlet should:

  • Define the problem. Tells us exactly what the problem is. Detail its urgency and provide data. Be objective.
  • Analyze the problem. Provide relevant data. Tell us how to make sense of the data. Provide any findings
  • Offer a recommendation. Do not generalize. Be specific.
  • Must be persuasive.
  • Cite four scholarly sources

Submit your cover letter and pamphlet for grading.

Writing Requirements (APA format).

  • Length: Cover letter to Congressman should be only 1 page
  • Pamphlet should be 5 pages in length
  • 1-inch margins
  • 12-point Times New Roman font
  • Reference page (minimum of 4 scholarly sources)

Why did Green Politics become an ideology, what was it reacting against?

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A) Why did Green Politics become an ideology, what was it reacting against?

B) What is one the main challenge that it is facing in its application?

C) Review the political platform of the Green Party of Canada. Find 2 political actions related to Green Politics. Explain how they are related using concepts discussed in class.

D) Explain how climate change is affecting the world we live in. Provide 2 recent examples to support your argument.

APA OR MLA 800 words

Global Climate Change – Vital signs of the Planet – NASA

https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/

Ecological Footprint (WEBSITE)

https://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/ecological-footprint/

How much is nature worth? (ARTICLE)The NY Times (1997)By W. Stevens

http://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/20/science/how-much-is-nature-worth-for-you-33-trillion.html

Costanza et al – The value of the world2019s ecosystem services and natural capital.pdf

The world is facing a ‘biological annihilation’ of species, researchers warn (ARTICLE) By Chloe Farand Monday 10 July 2017

http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/world-facing-annihilation-species-extinction-animal-population-proceedings-of-the-national-academy-a7834531.html

Green_Party_Electoral_Platform2019

https://www.greenparty.ca/en/platform

POLI -103 Contemporary political ideologies

Maryanne Cliche

MCliche@coquitlamcollege.com

 

 

• 1. INTRO & RECAP

• 2. GREEN POLITICS

• a) Definition

• b) Conception of Human Nature and Freedom

• c) Origins, evolution and key features

• d) Challenges

• 3. HOMEWORK

PLAN FOR TODAY

 

 

HOMEWORK

1- Read Chapter 8 of your textbook 2- Review all the additional resources on C4

3- Answer the following questions:

A-What is the difference between internal and external restrictions? Give an example for each. B) How do the liberation ideologies perceive Freedom? How do they perceive human nature? C) What is one of the main challenge facing the liberation ideologies in their implementation? D) What is an affirmative action? Provide one example

 

 

RECAP

 

 

DEFINITION – LIBERATION IDEOLOGIES

• LIBERATION • TO LIBERATE: « The process of being set free from an oppressive regime. » Colin dictionary

 

 

• Human beings; • Are born with a sense of dignity, self-

worth and self-respect.

LIBERATION IDEOLOGIES ON HUMAN NATURE

 

 

VAGENT OBSTACLE

LIBERATION IDEOLOGIES ON FREEDOM

GOAL

LIBERATE, FREE THE OPPRESSED GROUP FROM EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL RESTRICTIONS

A PARTICULAR GROUP; BLACK, WOMENS, GAYS, NATIVE PEOPLE, ETC.

A DOMINANT GROUP; WHITE PEOPLE, MEN, EUROPEAN SETTLERS, HUMANS,ETC.

 

 

ORIGINS – FEMINISM

1st wave of Feminism (19th- early 20th century) • Eliminating legal inequalities

2nd wave of Feminism (late 1960’s) • Overcoming issues related to sexuality and reproductive rights

 

 

Modern thinkers or contributors

Simone de Beauvoir ( 1908-1986) Betty Friedan ( 1921-2006)

 

 

ORIGINS – BLACK MOVEMENT

The civil rights movement (1954-1968)

• Through nonviolent protest, the civil rights movement promoted equal rights legislation for African Americans.

 

 

Modern thinkers or contributors

Martin Luther King Jr ( 1929-1968) Malcom X ( 1925- 1965)

 

 

ORIGINS – GAY (LGBT) MOVEMENT

The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender movement (late 20th – 21st century)

=Repealing discriminatory laws and overcoming mistaken beliefs and attitudes toward gay people.

 

 

Modern thinkers or contributors

Harvey Milk (1930-1978) Dan Savage ( 1972-) Laverne Cox ( 1972-)

 

 

ORIGINS – 1ST NATIONS MOVEMENT

Appropriation of First Nations territories (19th- early 20th century)

= Repealing discriminatory laws and overcoming mistaken beliefs and attitudes toward native people.

 

 

Modern thinkers or contributors

Louis Riel (1844-1885) Cindy Blackstock (1964-)

 

 

ORIGINS – ANIMAL MOVEMENT

Appropriation of animals by humans (19th century)

= Raising awareness on animal abuse and establishing a moral etiquette to define relationships between animals and humans.

 

 

Modern thinkers or contributors

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) Peter Singer ( 1946-)Brigitte Bardot (1934-)

 

 

KEY FEATURES OF LIBERATION IDEOLOGIES

1. Each ideology address a particular audience ( women, black people, gays and lesbians, native people, etc.)

2. The audience has been oppressed by some dominant group ( men, white people, humans, etc.)

3. The goal is to liberate these groups from internal and external barriers and inhibitions.

 

 

KEY FEATURES OF LIBERATION IDEOLOGIES

4. All ideologies aim to raise consciousness and change the outlooks of people that are oppressive or being oppressed.

4. All ideologies aim to raise consciousness and change the outlooks of people that are oppressive or being oppressed.

5. Liberation ideologies also aim to free the oppressors of its illusion of superiority and help them recognize their victims as fellow human beings.

5. Liberation ideologies also aim to free the oppressors of its illusion of superiority and help them recognize their victims as fellow human beings.

 

 

THE 4 FUNCTIONS

 

 

1 Explanation

= The beliefs and actions (racism, sexism, homophobia, imperialism, animal abuse etc.) of the oppressive group engaged in dominating the oppressed group explain why things are the way they are.

 

 

2 Evaluation

= Conditions are good if every members of the society is treated equally and enjoy the same rights, liberties and senses of dignity and self-respect.

 

 

3 Orientation

= The sense of identity is based on the self- identity of the individual and its affiliation with other individuals sharing similar social conditions ( gender, sexual orientation, etc.) causing an individual or a group to be either oppressed or oppressive.

 

 

=To bring an end to the oppression of a group of people ( or animals)

4 Political Program

 

 

1. Some misunderstanding and complexities remains when it comes to the liberation ideologies

2. Affirmative actions and special efforts can be complex and delicate to achieve

3. Progress is slow and uneven worldwide

 

 

DEFINITION – GREEN POLITICS

« A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise. »

Aldo Leopold

 

 

DEFINITION – GREEN POLITICS

GREEN POLITICS: « Green politics aims to create an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, non-violence, social justice and grassroots democracy. »

Derek Wall, 2010 The No-Nonsense Guide to Green Politics.

 

 

GREEN POLITICS ON HUMAN NATURE &

FREEDOM

 

 

Human beings are born;

1. Dependent and interconnected to nature and its ecosystems.

 

 

All species and living creatures;

2. Are interdependent and interconnected

 

 

Human beings, just like other

species; 3. Are part of

nature

 

 

Ideologies & the Conception of Freedom

VAGENT GOAL OBSTACLE

 

 

VAGENT

GREEN POLITICS ON FREEDOM

HUMANS

 

 

V

ANTHROPOCENTRISM OR HUMANISM

AGENT OBSTACLE

GREEN POLITICS ON FREEDOM

HUMANS

 

 

VAGENT OBSTACLE

GREEN POLITICS ON FREEDOM

GOAL

SURVIVAL AND FLOURISHING OF SPECIESHUMANS

ANTHROPOCENTRISM OR HUMANISM

 

 

ORIGINS

Where do Green Politics come from?

 

 

ORIGINS – GREEN POLITICS

In reaction to the environmental crisis

• 1960s and 1970s

 

 

Early thinkers or contributors

Rachel Carson ( 1907-1964) Aldo Leopold ( 1887-1948)

 

 

Modern thinkers or contributors

Derek Wall ( 1965) Al Gore (1948-)

 

 

KEY FEATURES OF GREEN POLITICS

 

 

1. The Green critique of other ideologies

• Liberals, socialists and (some) conservatives have shared a similar attitude towards nature, one that celebrates the ever increasing human conquest or mastery of nature.

 

 

2. Green Politics propose an new ecological ethic

• An ethic that rethinks our attitudes toward and actions within the natural environment.

 

 

A NEW ETHIC THAT;

1- Emphasizes the web of interconnections and mutual dependence within which we and other species live.

 

 

A NEW ETHIC THAT;

2- Emphasizes the respect for life.

 

 

A NEW ETHIC THAT;

3- Emphasizes our obligation as human beings to respect and care for the conditions that sustain life on Earth.

 

 

A NEW ETHIC THAT;

4- Emphasizes our obligation to be stewards of the Earth for the sake of future generations as well.

 

 

THE 4 FUNCTIONS

 

 

4 Functions & Green Politics

1 Explanation

 

 

1 Explanation

= The irresponsible disregard of human beings for the delicate and interconnected web of life led to the actual environmental crisis.

 

 

4 Functions & Green Politics

2 Evaluation

 

 

2 Evaluation = Conditions are good if the natural environment is preserved or protected.

 

 

4 Functions & Green Politics

3 Orientation

 

 

3 Orientation = The sense of identity is based on the affiliation and interconnectedness of human beings with other species and its inclusion in the natural world.

 

 

4 Political Program

 

 

4 Functions & Green Politics

4 Political Program

=To promote practices and policies that protect the natural environment, educate and enlighten people about human beings’ dependence and responsibility over the natural environment.

 

 

CHALLENGES/CRITICS

 

 

1. Some misunderstanding remains when it comes to Green Politics

• i.e. Green Politics is often referred to “Environmentalism but it is more than a movement to protect the environment, it is an ideology that promotes the adoption of a new ethic rooted in respect and stewardship.

 

 

2. Short- termism

‘’An excessive focus on short-term results at the expense of long-term interests.’’

i.e. • We are the “generation now” • Indicators of profitability are presented in quarterly reports and shareholders expect return on their investments fast • Politicians are in office for a limited time and implementing long-term policies can be challenging

 

 

3. Uneven distribution of public goods will necessitate concerted international actions

i.e. • Air and water pollution know no national or local boundaries • Poorer countries often face disastrous social, environmental and economic consequences and pay a heavy price for global pollution and environmental catastrophes

 

 

4. Many shades of Green

i.e. Deep Ecology vs shallow environmentalist

 

 

5. The concept of free rider and the tragedy of the commons

i.e. • Individual sacrifices are needed to achieve collective actions, but free riders will try to enjoy public goods without making any individual sacrifice

• Society cannot rely on voluntary efforts to solve environmental problems

 

 

6. The environmental crisis is growing and will require a political response

i.e. • Climate Change – rise of sea level, destruction of arable land, intense heat waves, etc.

• The extinction of species – nearly half of known terrestrial vertebrate species are becoming extinct

 

 

CHALLENGES/CRITICS

• “If the bee disappeared off the surface of the globe then man would only have four years of life left. No more bees, no more pollination, no more plants, no more animals, no more man.”

-Albert Einstein

 

 

HOMEWORK

1- Read Chapter 9 of your textbook

2- Review all additional resources on C4

3- Answer the following questions: A) Why did Green Politics become an ideology,

what was it reacting against? B) What is one the main challenge that it is facing

in its application? C) Review the political platform of the Green

Party of Canada. Find 2 political actions related to Green Politics. Explain how they are related using concepts discussed in class.

D) Explain how climate change is affecting the world we live in. Provide 2 recent examples to support your argument.