Compare the genetic recipe that builds our hand

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Week 2  Shubin Assignment  (2S2) Read Chapter three in the Inner Fish, answer the following questions and prepare to discuss this material during week 3 class.

 

.  Compare the genetic recipe that builds our hands with the recipe that build’s a fish’s fins.  [this question covers the entire chapter – perhaps consider it last!]

2.  TRUE or FALSE:  All of the cells of our bodies – nerve cells, skin cells, bone cells, etc. – contain exactly the same DNA as each other.

3.  What causes a skin cell to be different from, say, a bone cell?

4.  At conception, we start out as a single cell (a sperm cell which has merged with an egg cell).  Explain how the plan for our entire body unfolds from the DNA in that single fertilized egg cell (called a zygote).

5.  What are limb buds and what will they develop into?

6.  What happens to development of limbs when the ZPA (zone of polarizing activity) in the limb bud is removed during embryonic development?  How does the timing of removal effect development of the limb?

7.  What happens when the ZPA is transplanted to the other side of the limb bud?

8 What happens when a tiny piece of foil is placed between the ZPA patch and the rest of the limb?  What conclusion can be made from this experiment?

9.  What are the hedgehog and Sonic hedgehog genes and what do they do?  Where are they active in the embryo?

10.  What animals have the Sonic hedgehog gene?

11.  TRUE or FALSE:  The DNA recipe to build upper arms, forearms, wrists and digits is virtually identical in chickens (birds), frogs (amphibians), and mice (mammals).

12.  Is the recipe that builds our hands new, or does it have deep roots in ancient ancestral creatures?  Explain.

13.  TRUE or FALSE:  Sharks are the most ancient surviving fish that have paired fins and a skeleton (cartilage) inside.

14.  Does Sonic hedgehog behave the same way in the development of skates’ (close relatives of sharks and rays) and sharks’ fins as it does in the development of our own hands? Explain.

15.  Explain:  How did scientists create “fingers” on skates using a protein from a mouse?  What is significant about the results?

16.  Did the ancient transition of fish fins into limbs involve new DNA?  Explain.

SPORTS FIRST AID ASSIGNMENT

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Your required to create a tri-fold informational brochure about an injury of your choice. This brochure should be informational and geared towards understanding a common injury in a sport, and the immediate treatment of the injury.  Identify the anatomy and resulting damage, mechanism of injury, initial first aid response to the injury, and treatment of this injury.  You should also include what are the recommended return to play criteria.  You may also include:  key information, educating about your injury, as well as resources for more information.  This brochure should be able to be used to educate coaches on the action plan and parents about their child’s injury.  Graphics should be used. (The best and easiest program to use to create a brochure is Microsoft Publisher–the second best is Powerpoint.  Use the internet to find examples and/or templates.  Do NOT simply put words and pictures on a piece of paper. Also think about how the brochure will be folded to ensure the title panel is on the front and the references are on the center back.)  Please include on the brochure center back panel a Bibliography (at least 3 references).

Category Points

Anatomy of the injury 15

Clear first response 25

Treatment of this injury 25

Criteria to return to play 10

Graphics     10

Spelling, grammar, syntax, clarity 5

organization 5

Citations 5

Compare the body plans of fish, lizards,cows and us.

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Read Chapter 6 “The Best-Laid (Body) Plans” in Your Inner Fish and be prepared to discuss this in class and submit the answers to the following questions.

 

1. Compare the body plans of fish, lizards,cows and us.

2.  Compare fish, amphibian and chicken embryos.

3.  The differences among mammal, bird, amphibian and fish embryos pale in comparison with  their fundamental similarities.  Explain this statement.

4.  Draw a sketch of the first 3 weeks of embryological development of humans.

5.  What are the three embryological germ layers and what structures develop from each of them?  Is this true for humans?

6.  Birds, fish, reptiles and mammals look very different as adults.  What similarities do they have as embryos.

7.  Our bodies are “a tube within a tube.  Explain.

8.  When do the features that distinguish backboned animals from one another develop compared with our common “tube within a tube” body plan?

9.  Do all the cells in the embryo have enough information to build whole bodies?  How do we know?

10.  How did Mangold produce twin newts?

11.  What would happen if the Organizer region from a chicken was grafted to a salamander embryo?  Why are the results significant?

12.  Compare the Hox genes of flies and humans.  Explain the significance.

13.  What happened when Harland took some  Noggin and injected it into an embryo?  What did that prove?

14.  How do genes interact with other genes to control development?

15.  Explain:  All animals are the same but different, like a cake recipe handed down from generation to generation.

16.  What happens if you take sea anemone Noggin and inject it into a frog embryo?  What does that prove?

KEY HEALTH INDICATORS

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Running head: KEY HEALTH INDICATO                                  1

 

 

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KEY HEALTH INDICATORS

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KEY HEALTH INDICATORS

 

 

 

 

Key Health Indicators

Diamond DeWindt

November 19, 2019

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Author Note

This paper was prepared for BHS380: Global Health and Health Policy, Session 2019NOV11FT- 1, Module 1, SLP 1 Assignment, taught by Dr. Michael Mucedola.

Key Health Indicators

Health indicators are generally characteristics of a population that allows researchers to have supporting evidence to help them describe the health of that particular population. (Wikipedia, 2019) To gather information about the health of a population, surveys have been conducted. A great example of a health indicator would be Life Expectancy. Systems can be used to collect data on ages at the time of death which is later used to support statements about the national life expectancy.

Infant Mortality Rate

Infant mortality rate is recorded as the death of an infant before their first birthday. This is rate is by number of infant deaths per every 1,000 live births. (CDC, 2019) Some of the causes of infant deaths before their birthday are birth defects, low birth weight, preterm birth, or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome or SIDS. The Center for Disease Control has been trying to improve these birth outcomes. The CDC has been working to understand Sudden Infant Deaths which is an unexpected death of an infant under 1 years old. States that are involved show data of trends to help the CDC develop strategies that they hope will reduce the chance of SIDS. (CDC, 2017)

Life Expectancy at Birth

Life expectancy at birth is the average of how long a newborn is expected to live at birth. (OECD Data, n.d.) This is actually one of the most used health status indicators by researchers. Having a high life expectancy at birth can show that the living standards of that area has improved lifestyle, education, and access to quality healthcare. If mortality is high in age groups that are young, the life expectancy at birth can be low, but if a person can live past their childhood mortality then they can expect to live longer. Different populations will have different life expectancies at birth because some countries are not as developed as others. A great example is comparing South Africa’s 59.5 years of age expectancy to the United States 81.2 years. (Population Pyramid, n.d.)

Maternity Mortality Ratio

The Maternity Mortality Ratio represents the risks that are associated with each pregnancy. (WHO, 2014) Some of the complications that arise during childbirth are the leading causes of death and disability among women in developing countries. Measuring this ratio can be quite difficult unless the death and cause of death is documented. Other estimates are formed from census, and surveys over maternal mortality. Maternal mortality ratio and maternal mortality rate should not be confused with each other. Maternal mortality rate is the number of maternal women who have died per women while maternal mortality ratio is the number of maternal deaths per live birth. (Morse, 2019)

Under 5 Mortality Rate

The Under 5 Mortality Rate is the probability of an individual from newborn to age 5 dying per 1,000 births. (WHO, 2019) Last year alone, it was reported that 5.3 million children under the age of 5 years old died. Currently, the African region has the highest risk of children dying under the age of 5 years old. It has 5 of 6 countries having the death rate at 100 deaths per 1,000 live births. The Sustainable Development Goals have come up with a target to end preventable deaths of children from birth to 5 years old. All countries are to try to reduce under 5 mortality to as low as 25 deaths per 1,000 live births. Currently, 21 countries are on track to reach this target by 2030.

Health Adjusted Life Expectancy

Health Adjusted Life Expectancy is a measure of a populations health that takes into report mortality and morbidity. (Health Knowledge, 2010) It tweaks overall life expectancy by the amount of time that is lived in less than perfect health. The formula is A + (f)B = life expectancy. A = years lived healthy, B = years lived with disability, and f = disability level. One of the concerns has been who gets to decide what level a disability is. The global health adjusted expectancy for both male and female together was 63.1 years old in 2015.

Disability Adjusted Life Years

Disability Adjusted Life Years or DALY measure the amount of life that is lost in a population as an outcome of either premature death or disability. (Health Knowledge, 2010) This helps researchers estimate the weight of a disease on a population. A single DALY can be thought of as a single year loss of healthy life. Measuring this across a population can help show the gap between current health status and the wanted health situation. DALY = Years of life lost + Years lost due to disability.

Life expectancy at birth is a health indicator that could be used to describe the overall health status of a developing country. Life expectancy can show the living standards of the developing country. The higher the life expectancy grows; it shows that the country is improving and vice versa if it is getting lower. Life expectancy will start to rise when the country is showing improvement in public health, nutrition, education, and medicine.

 

 

References

Wikipedia. (2019, October 14). Health indicator. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_indicator.

CDC. (2019, March 27). Infant Mortality. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/infantmortality.htm.

CDC. (2017, September 11). Infant Mortality: What Is CDC Doing? Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/infantmortality- cdcdoing.htm.

Health Knowledge. (2010, July 15). Health information: Life tables, HALEs, DALYs, and PYLLs. Retrieved from https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/e-learning/health- information/population-health-specialists/lifetables-hales-dalys-pylls.

Morse, A. R. (2019, August 23). Definitions of Maternal Mortality. Retrieved from https://www.pop.org/definitions-of-maternal-mortality/.

OECD Data. (n.d.). Health status – Life expectancy at birth – OECD Data. Retrieved from https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm.

Population Pyramid . (n.d.). Life Expectancy At Birth, Female (Years) 2015. Retrieved from https://www.populationpyramid.net/hnp/life-expectancy-at-birth-female-years/2015/.

WHO. (2014, March 11). Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/indmaternalmortality/en/.

WHO. (2019, October 24). Under-five mortality. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/gho/child_health/mortality/mortality_under_five_text/en/.