Provide a 2 pages analysis while answering the following question: Air legislation. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. Abdullah Alshafi 4 May Effect of Centre Of Gravity On The Aircraft: Take-off , Landing And Cruise

Center of gravity (cg) is a point inside or outside a body through which the whole weight of the body appears to be acting. For an aircraft, the center of gravity position depends on, and is controlled by balancing the overall size and mass distribution characteristics including the effect produced as a result of the consumption of fuel. Center of gravity calculations are of critical importance during aircraft design.

Figure 1. Weight distribution due to different components of an aircraft.

For stability of the aircraft during take- off, landing and cruise , the center of gravity of the aircraft must fall within the limits and range specified for a particular type and make of an aircraft as established by the manufacturer.

The aircraft is capable of rotation along the three axes namely. Pitch ,Roll and Yaw, in addition to a linear motion along the specific air route when in- flight. For any type of movement shown by the aircraft ,the weight of the aircraft must be balanced out to maintain the position of the center of gravity for stability.

An air craft can have Lateral center of gravity, Longitudinal center of gravity and even Vertical center of gravity. The most important if these being the Lateral cg, which has a critical role in stabilizing the pitch of the aircraft. Lateral cg is further partitioned into Forward and Aft cg. There are limits to the Fore and Aft cg positioning. If the Fore and Aft cg is out of range the aircraft may pitch uncontrollably up or down during take-off ,flight or landing. For example if the cg is too far forward , the plane is likely to tilt forward or crash

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upon take-off.

Figure 1. Effect of shift in Longitudinal cg on the pitch of an aircraft.

The Lateral cg position is to be maintained in order to control and stabilize any unwanted roll movement during any stage of flight. The position of Lateral cg can shift if there is an uneven distribution of fuel in the tanks,or in case of an uneven seating arrangement of passengers in a small aircraft.

Figure 3 Effect of shift in Lateral cg on the Roll of an aircraft during flight.

The Vertical cg position is associated with the stability of the flight along the yaw axis. A shift in the vertical cg can result in yawing motion if not compensated for by the pilot during take-off, flight and landing.

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The vertical cg position may be shifted even due to cross winds. This results in a sidewise motion of the aircraft during flight.

Figure 4.Effect of change in Vertical cg on the yaw of an aircraft.

The change in the Vertical cg of the aircraft can disturb the course during flight.During landing the aircraft can experience problems due to the sidewise movement and may miss the landing.

The center of gravity is a major factor in the stability of an aircraft in all the phases of flight . take-off ,cruise / flight and landing. A disturbance in the longitudinal, lateral or vertical cg can upset the movement of the aircraft along either of the three axes .pitch , roll or yaw.

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References

1. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_gravity_of_an_aircraft/ n.d. Centre of

Gravity of an Aircraft. n.p. Web. 4 May,2012.

2. ^ http://www.flightlearnings.com/2011/03/12/balance-stability-and-center-of-gravity/

12 March, 2012 “Balance,Stability and Center of Gravity”. n.p. Web. 4 May, 2012.

3 .^ http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/acg.html 11 July 2008.Benson,Tom.

“ Center Of Gravity –cg. Aircraft Application. ” Web.5 May, 2012.

4. ^https://fn2win.fusonet2.com/Training/prodapp.nsf/929995be16ff3b0e8525679e0064

5811/772729171976c32285256cfc0071c0f1?OpenDocument 28 March,

2003.”Vetrical Center of Gravity. ”n.p .Web.5 May 2012

5. ^ http://www.flightlearnings.com/2009/08/21/aircraft-design-characteristics-part-one- vertical-stability-yawing/

21 August 2009.“Aircraft Design Characteristics( Part Four)-Vertical Stability

(Yawing )’’.n.p. Web .5 May 2012.

Write a 6 pages paper on women and religion.

During the era of slavery and colonial regimes of European governance in the early 19the century, slaves were educated and instructed in spiritual language. Living under the hardships and bondage of slavery makes women more attractive to religious teachings. As weak creatures, they find self-comfort and strength in religion because of the promises of liberty God promises they would have if they follow him faithfully.

To the Christians, Ruth is an example for them as a good and faithful wife. A person who treated her mother-in-law respectfully, and the reward she reaped was a lesson worth learning for them. Besides Ruth, Abigail, and other women in the Bible who liberate the women from the bondage of male chauvinism, they promise them who long to be free of this social segregation.

Intellectual women such as Elizabeth of England and the Empress of Catherine the Great of Russia have long been fighting that women should access education, be recognized, and be urged to find their own identity or find the type of individuals they are.

They seek God with faith and hope to strengthen them that they can be free from the traditional bondage of males’ belief that they are simply their husbands’ property. They want self-respect and are treated equally. They believe that all people were born equally. Like the women of Litchfield, they want respect and not to be underestimated. They want recognition for their talents, and men should not belittle their achievements.

In their work around the developing countries, particularly in the post-conflict areas, Women to Women International has found that religion plays a key role and impacts women, in their daily lives. It has “become increasingly aware of the important role religion plays in shaping women’s perceptions, decisions, and lives.”

In these many countries, “religion is a pervasive influence throughout cultures and societies.To women who live in hardships, faith gives them hope. In conflicts or war-stricken areas, and places where there is economic turmoil, crimes, pestilence, natural disaster, famine, calamities, in homes where families are suffering from diseases or even when there is death among family members, religion promises them peace and better life.

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