prepare and submit a paper on submarine volcanoes.

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Your assignment is to prepare and submit a paper on submarine volcanoes.

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“Much like volcanoes on dry land, an underwater volcano is a fissure on the earth’s surface where lava is produced and can erupt.” (Raine, 2010)

The causes of a volcanic eruption cannot be analyzed without an understanding of the earth’s structure. The core of the planet is boiling and contains a reservoir of molten rock called magma. This magma is bounded by more relaxed layers of rock that form the earth’s crust, including both the ocean floor and land, which increases the internal pressure caused by heat. However, when the crust releases the tension from any opening or when the internal pressure can overcome the external force, the magma breaks through the earth’s surface. It erupts, releasing the magma in the form of molten lava and ash.&nbsp.(Raine, 2010)

The essential characteristics of submarine volcanoes are that the eruptions from the volcanoes are affected by the pressure and temperature of the water around them. (Topinka, 2003)

“…the volcanic phenomena take place very much in the same manner from the bottom of the sea as from the open surface of a continent, subject only to modifications produced by the lower temperature of the surrounding medium, and the greater external pressure, caused by the weight of the overlying column of water, which in this case becomes one of the elements of the repressive force.” (Scrope, 1862)

In shallow waters, this lava is cooled so rapidly that it transforms into ‘black sand’ or volcanic debris almost instantaneously or forms volcanic glass. (Palande, 2011)This debris is either piled-up around the volcanic vent or settles down along the seafloor. (Topinka, 2003) Eventually, the piling up emerges above the ocean’s surface in the form of volcanic islands, some of which can be seen in the south Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans. (Tufty, 1969.) (Crouse, 2012).

In the deeper part of the ocean, volcanic activity resembles the volcanoes on land in terms of shape and flows&nbsp.(Topinka, 2003). They are seen to be slightly steeper as the water speeds up the hardening.&nbsp.(Rafferty, 2011.

Compose a 500 words assignment on the tutankhamens curse. Needs to be plagiarism free!

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Compose a 500 words assignment on the tutankhamens curse. Needs to be plagiarism free!

HistoryTutankhamen’s CurseThe Tutankhamen’s curse is considered to be one of the most thrilling mysteries of the 20th century, and many people continue building up various hypotheses about it. This mystery gained such popularity among mystery lovers all over the world is a range of enigmatical deaths following the discovery of the pharaoh’s tomb in 1922. Over 20 people related in some way to the opening of Tutankhamen’s tomb in Luxor died under unclear circumstances during the next several years, and six of them died in London.

These were not only direct participants of the opening, but also their relatives. Moreover, one of the two leaders of the expedition, Lord George Carnarvon, died six weeks after the tomb’s disclosure. Fueled by numerous details, like the story about a canary and a cobra, and morbid imagination of journalists, the case gained a reputation of a mysterious tragedy, caused by the “Mummy’s Curse”, supernatural power of ancient Egyptians. Being adamant about the supernatural origins of the deaths, adherents of the curse created a legend that scares people even nowadays.

However, numerous scholars became interested in this case and started searching for rational explanation of the phenomenon. And here, too, various theories have emerged. One of the most likely theories suggested by many scientists as a result of scrutinous researches is that the key role in deaths was played by the environment of the burial chamber that actually affected health of those who entered the newly unlocked tomb. This theory originates in the first half of the 20th century when it was also supported by Sir Arthur Conan Dole who considered the fungi to have been put into the tomb deliberately to punish robbers.

In 1986, Dr. Caroline Stenger-Phillip suggested that it was an ancient mould existing in the tomb. Modern researches prove that there are indeed specimens of pathogenic moulds and bacteria that can cause allergic reactions varying from congestion to bleeding in lungs (Holloway, 2013). According to Jennifer Wegner, an Egyptologist from Philadelphia, food placed into the tombs intended for afterlife, could have attracted insects, moulds and bacteria. Thus, this theory considers bacteria to be the reason of diseases and deaths.

On the other hand, this theory has its flaws as if all entering the tomb were exposed to the deadly fungi, they probably would have died much sooner that many months and years later. The theory that appears to be more plausible was offered by Mark Nelson in 2002 and involves statistical methods as a basis for the explanation. According to the theory, average life expectancy of those members of the expedition who were exposed to the curse and those who were not differs little (Dunning, 2008). The conclusion made by Nelson in the outcome of the analysis stated: “There was no significant association between exposure to the mummy’s curse and survival and thus no evidence to support the existence of a mummy’s curse” (Nelson, 2002).

These scientific hypotheses appear to be rather plausible and explain the deaths of the archaeologists better than the legend about the curse developed by pop culture. First, if it was the curse, it is unclear why Howard Carter, the actual leader of the research group, happened to live till the respectable age of 64 and die in 1939 under no unnatural circumstances. This is the primary argument refuting the curse hypothesis, as the curse would have killed Carter then. Second, the average age of the research group members was 74 years, and this is quite enough to consider their deaths natural.

In fact, Carter who was virtually the youngest in the group died later than all of them. Of course, there are more theories seeking to explain the mystery – including also a hypothesis about Aleister Crowley’s role in the range of deaths – but these two seem to me to be the most likely. References:Dunning, Brian. (2008) “King Tut’s Curse!” Skeptoid Podcast. Skeptoid Media, Inc., Retrieved October 15 from: http://skeptoid.com/episodes/4106Holloway, April. (2013) The Curse of Tutankhamen’s Tomb: A Scientific Explanation?

– Part 2, Ancient Origins. Retrieved October 15 from: http://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends/curse-tutankhamen-s-tomb-scientific-explanation-part-2-00747Nelson, M. “The Mummy’s Curse: Historical Cohort Study.” British Medical Journal. 21 Dec. 2002, Volume 325, Number 7378: 1482-1485.

write an article on Quitting Smoking. It needs to be at least 1250 words.

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Hello, I am looking for someone to write an article on Quitting Smoking. It needs to be at least 1250 words.

Furthermore, several intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to the individual’s motivation to engage in the recovery process of quitting the smoking habit. These factors include hereditary and environmental issues but are not limited to them alone. We shall analyze the brain structures and functions associated with the motivation to abstain from smoking and evaluate the influence of these extrinsic and intrinsic factors on motivation, particularly focusing on brain physiology and psychology.

“Motivation can be conceptualized as brain activity that processes’ input’ information about the internal state of the individual and external environment and determines behavioral ‘output'” (Chambers, Taylor & Potenza, 2003). The motivation for change among smokers plays a major part in recognizing the need for treatment and achieving sustained change without relapse. The recovery process for smokers is complicated by psychological and physiological addictions, making the entire treatment hard to continue. Often, most of the smokers relapse at one point with no intention to continue. This is mainly because of their fear to withstand the treatment and maintain the subsequent change of action. However, motivation in most addicts is a complex process. The recovery depends on their addiction’s intensity and how much it has influenced their physical and psychological system.

Factors influencing motivation are both extrinsic and intrinsic. Motivating individuals to quit smoking is influenced by these factors, associated with several psychological and physiological interventions. Self-control and health concerns are considered intrinsic motivational factors, while reinforcement and social influence are the extrinsic motivational factors. While extrinsic factors are based on environmental and social aspects, intrinsic factors are based on goal-oriented behavior. Any addict trying to refrain from substance abuse has to be influenced by several of these motivation-promoting factors to challenge, control, and compete with their physiological and psychological limitations. “Although extrinsic motivators can be useful in bringing a client into treatment and increasing retention, self or intrinsic motivation is important for substantive and abiding change.” (Miller, 1999, p.84).

Why Torture is Justifiable. The work is to be 5 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page.

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I will pay for the following article Why Torture is Justifiable. The work is to be 5 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page.

There are numerous reasons why individuals torture others and different types of torture have varying additional reasons for doing so including breaking a victim’s will, satisfy a need on the part of the torturer to cause suffering and to put into effect power, to acquire information and to terrorize some political group. Various kinds of torture can be exercised in combination or one at a time and were deemed necessary such as hooding which means that a victim’s head is sheltered by an “opaque material bag with no ventilation” (Amnesty International) except during questioning or when in separation.

The victim would frequently also be uncovered to enhance his sensation of vulnerability. Another type of torture is wall-standing which consists of forcing the victim to upright and balanced against a cell wall in the “search position” for some time at a time stirring up agonizing muscle cramps. A victim is required to remain in this same position for at least 43.5 hours as and these w prompted more than6 other recorded cases of suffering being kept similar to this for more than twenty hours.

It also includes subjection to noise where a victim of torture is placed in close nearness to the repetitive, such as a generator or compressor as a whine of machinery for as long as six or seven days (Lukes, 35). At least one prisoner subjected to this handling informed Amnesty International it is the drive to the edge of madness by the noise he had given attempt to end his life by knocking his head against metal piping in his cell. Food and water denial as a method of torture meant a strict schedule of bread and water.

Sleep denial was practiced before questioning and often in combination with wall-standing. Torture is justified under certain circumstances that will provide information to save someone’s life or the lives of many.