Complete 5 pages APA formatted article: Ecological Effects of Climate Change Affecting the World Today.

There have been wide variations in the sea–surface temperature (SST) during the Holocene period resulting in 3 definite cycles – warm to cold to moderate. Synchronous to this change, changes in the microfauna and marine productivity was also observed. Studies on the isotopic differences based on two planktonic species, one surface dweller – Globigerina bulloides and the other bottom dweller – Neogloboquadrina pachyderma indicate the level of oceanic stratification and productivity. It was found that during cool episodes, a vertical gradient in temperature existed resulting in intense vertical mixing, which in turn increased marine productivity.

The vice versa was true during warm episodes resulting in low productivity.Changes in the terrestrial ecosystems of islands have also been noticed during the Holocene period. Studies (high resolution & Total Inorganic Carbon) and records of Lake Pyramid and Lake Owens show that 5 distinct climatic episodes – cool period followed by a dry period (11.6 – 10 ka) interspersed with a wet episode predominated the early Holocene period. The latter part of the early Holocene (10-8 ka) was mostly wet resulting in a substantial body of water in Lake Owens and movement of water from Lake Tahoe to Lake Pyramid.

A case in the study has been the Channel Islands off the Southern Coast of California. These islands can be divided into the Northern (consisting of San Miguel, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Anacapa Islands) and Southern (consisting of Santa Barbara, Santa Catalina, San Clemente, and San Nicolas). Differences have been observed in the evolutionary patterns of these 2 groups of the Channel Islands. The southern islands are far removed and isolated from the mainland which has resulted in high levels of endemism in plant species as well as low diversity in flora and fauna.

However marine productivity in these regions was high, primarily due to variations in SST. The Northern Channel Islands have shown high levels of human habitation during the Holocene period.

Write 2 pages with APA style on Economics Indicator Paper and Graph.

Economic indicators: Introduction: Interest rates can be defined as the cost of borrowed funds, higher interest rates means that the cost of borrowed funds is high, in the case where we have lower interest rates then the cost of borrowed funds is low. Therefore when interest rates are low then there is more borrowing by the population and at the same time there are higher levels of investment. In this paper we analyse the construction industry in California and how it is affected by interest rates that prevail in the economy.

The following data shows the number of houses built in California over the years. the data is retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US06&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_DP4&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false .YEAR BUILT2005 or later208,1432000 to 2004922,2591990 to 19991,431,3891980 to 19892,104,7411970 to 19792,476,9631960 to 19691,890,6831950 to 19591,912,5411940 to 1949928,462The following graph shows the number of housing units built over the years in California:From the diagram above it is clear that the number of houses have increased from the 1940 until it reached a peak in the 1970, from the 1970 to day to the number of houses built has declined over the years.

The graph below shows the level of interest rates in California, the rates were retrieved from http://www.harpfinancial.com/InterestRateHistory/PrimeRate.htm, From the above diagram it is clear that interest rates have declines from 1999 until 2004 where interest rates have risen to date, interest rates are the cost of borrowing funds and therefore with the increase in interest rates means that les houses are built or the demand for houses has declined as the cost of funds increase with interest rates.

Keynes theory and interest rates:Keynes emphasised the importance of the level of interest rates on investment levels, according to Keynes when interest rates were high then the level of cost of funds was high and the level of investment would be low, if interest rates declined then the level of investment would rise, therefore according to Keynes the interest rate investment relationship can be simplified in the following graph.Classical theory and interest rates:The classical theorist also recognise the importance of interest rates in the determination of the investment levels, however classical theorist also show the importance of the interest rates as a tool used by the government to fine tune the economy of a country, the interest rates are increased to reduce money supply in the economy in order to avoid inflation.

The housing industry is more at home with the classical theories, classical theorist were referred to as classical theorist because any economic theory developed after them have borrowed a leaf from them, they are also referred to as classical because of their unquestionable explanation of economics and because they brought order into economic enquiry. The construction industry in California therefore has been affected by interest rates, interest rates affect the level of investment, when the interest rates affect the investment level then they affect the supply side, further the interest rates also affect the demand side where buyers find it expensive to acquire loans due to high levels of interest ratesReferences:Financials (2007) historical interest rates in California, retrieved on 23rd November, available at http://www.

harpfinancial.com/InterestRateHistory/PrimeRate.htm,Census government (2007) the construction industry data, retrieved on 23rd November, available at http://factfinder.census.