Create a 1 page page paper that discusses from what you know about action potentials describe feasible mechanisms whereby anaesthetics might prevent pain.

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Create a 1 page page paper that discusses from what you know about action potentials describe feasible mechanisms whereby anaesthetics might prevent pain.

Feasible mechanisms whereby anesthetics might prevent pain. Local based anesthetics are globally used in the treatment or preventionof acute pain as well as chronic pain, inflammatory ailments, prognostic and diagnostic needs. To this end, there are myriad anesthetics such as dissociation anesthetics. These drugs result to an elevated feeling of environmental dissociation within the patient. Evidently, these categories of drugs include Ketalar or Ketamine Hydrochloride (Nagelhout & Plaus, 2005).

It is a non barbiturate, non narcotic anesthetic that results to a mental dissociative state that is consistent with amnesia, sedation and analgesia (Ouellette & Joyce 2011). Moreover, its pharmacological effect is evidenced by normal laryngeal-pharyngeal reflexes and extreme analgesia. To this end, the drug’s central point of action in the Central Nervous System is the thalamo-neocortical projection area. Consequently, the ketamine discriminately lowers the neuronal action in certain parts of the cortex.

This is action is more evident in the thalamus and association areas. At the same time, it stimulates the certain areas in the limbic system and hypothalamus (Reiss, Evans, & Broyles 2002). This ultimately results to functional disorganization of unprescribed pathways in the thalamic and midbrain region. Ketalar equally lowers the impulse transmission within the medial medullary formation in the reticular. This area is critical in transmitting the emotional-affective parts on noiception the higher brain areas from the spinal cord.

In addition, the analgesic effects of ketamine are attributed to its occupation of the opiate receptors in the spinal cord and brain. The interaction with the N-Methyl-d-aspartate at times mediates the analgesic and anesthetic action of ketamine (Rosdahl & Kowalski 2008). Moreover, Ketamine’s analgesic effect on the spinal cord is due to the prevention of neuronal action on the dorsal horn wide range dynamic. Evidently, the notion that CNS sodium blockade channels are the mechanism by which ketamine results to anesthesia, has been scientifically dispelled.

ReferencesAnesthesia Related Drugs. (n.d.).hirnforschung.kyb.mpg.de. Retrieved January 24, 2013, from hirnforschung.kyb.mpg.de/fileadmin/uploads/files/Methoden/Betäubungsverfahren_und_Chirurgie/SOP_DrugDescriptions.pdfNagelhout, J. J., & Plaus, K. L. (2005).Handbook of nurse anesthesia&nbsp.(3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders.Ouellette, R. G., & Joyce, J. A. (2011).Pharmacology for nurse anesthesiology. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.Reiss, B. S., Evans, M. E., & Broyles, B. E. (2002).

&nbsp.Pharmacological aspects of nursing care&nbsp.(6th ed.). Australia: Delmar/Thomson Learning.Rosdahl, C. B., & Kowalski, M. T. (2008).Textbook of basic nursing&nbsp.(9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

writing homework on Following the American Psychological Guidelines. Write a 250 word paper answering;

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Need help with my writing homework on Following the American Psychological Guidelines. Write a 250 word paper answering;

Point Of View is the perspective of considering things, which demonstrates to us the attitude, or emotional state of anyone involved in the circumstance. In literature, point of view is defined as the method of recitation that is employed by an author in a bid to let the readers “hear” and “see” every described situation in a story, poem or essay. It is also a replication of the attitude bored by a person from real life or fiction.

There are different types of “views” that can be deduced from the author’s writing. They are the first-person point of view which is used to express a character’s feelings or attitude in a detailed manner, second-person point of view, which is used mainly to attract the reader’s attention from the beginning and third-person point of view which may be used to introduce a dual point of view from the author and characters of the piece.

The author of shame, Dick Gregory, employs the use of the first-person point of view.

This perspective is effective in creating an intimate relationship with the reader since all emotions and attitudes expressed in the narrative are from the author’s point of view. This technique is quite flexible and subjective because it allows the author to portray a stream of consciousness while conducting an interior monologue. However, this point of view is impaired because the opinions in the narrative are from a particular individual.

write an article on the novelty of the electric cars hood Paper must be at least 1250 words.

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Hi, I am looking for someone to write an article on the novelty of the electric cars hood Paper must be at least 1250 words. Please, no plagiarized work!

The novelty of the electric car’s hood has always been a major draw for me. Gasoline and electric engines can be compared by likening the gasoline engine to a plumbing project with all its coolant hoses, exhaust pipes, and fuel lines. The electric car is more of a wiring project (MacKay 15). Overall, I have always wanted to own an electric vehicle for its environmental and economic benefits, as well as the inevitable decline in fossil fuel availability. However, I still do not own one because I generally find electric cars to be impractical.

As an environmentally conscious person, the promise that electric vehicles offer regarding decreasing tailpipe emissions is an attractive proposition and motivator for me to buy one. Indeed, almost all credible research evidence shows that electric cars have a smaller impact on the environment than conventional gasoline-powered vehicles, even in regions that depend on coal for energy production, such as Texas and Ohio (MacKay 44). For regions with a strong grid mix like solar, wind, and hydro, the cuts to emissions for electric car users are dramatic, especially if the driver relies on home solar charging.

I have yet to find any evidence showing that electric vehicles do not reduce greenhouse gas emissions, specifically because electric cars lack a tailpipe. The fact that electric vehicles get their power from energy stored in batteries reduces the environmental effects of internal engine combustion. With transport accounting for close to 35% of all greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, any reduction in the number of tailpipe emissions per vehicle would significantly improve air quality while also improving long-term public health (MacKay 45).

The inexpensive nature of operating an electric vehicle has also piqued my interest in the&nbsp.electric car, especially because electricity is so cheap and ubiquitous in the United States, which gives it a significant cost advantage compared to gasoline.

research paper on the concept of specificity and sensitivity in diagnostic testing. Needs to be 2 pages.

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Need an research paper on the concept of specificity and sensitivity in diagnostic testing. Needs to be 2 pages. Please no plagiarism.

Unless clinical tests are applied and interpreted carefully, they can be very misleading (Kaneko, Kuwana, Kameda, & Takeuchi, 2011). Often, the basic premises of a diagnostic test includes two populations of people i.e. those with the disease in question and those individuals without the underlying medical condition who differ from the other group on at least a testable parameter. An example is patients who have pneumonia infiltrates on an x-ray while the control group without pneumonia does not.

When conducting a screening or a diagnostic test, there are two obvious errors that are the test can fail to identify persons who do not have a condition or it could as well falsely classify a person as having the pathological condition when they do not actually have it. It is important to note that if you adjust some threshold value in an effort of reducing one type of error, the other type of error increases. In explaining the phenomenon better, the sensitivity and specificity concepts are used in determining the accuracy of a test.

According to Donner-Banzhoff (2011), the sensitivity also referred to as the recall or true positive rate measures the actual proportion of true positives correctly identified as suffering from the disease. Thus, the sensitivity will refer to the probability that the test will turn out positive in patients known to be suffering from the condition. A test can either have a high or low sensitivity. Highly sensitive tests have&nbsp.lesser negative results and are very accurate and useful in ruling out a certain disease being tested in a population (Smith et al., 2011). An example is when a test is 96 percent sensitive, then 96 percent of the patients with the pathological condition will provide true positive results while the other 4 percent will provide false-negative results.

Highly sensitive tests are important when ruling out dangerous pathological conditions such as lumbar puncture for subarachnoid hemorrhage. On the other hand, specificity also referred to as true negative rate determines the proportion of negatives that is the proportion of healthy persons who are identified correctly as not suffering from the pathological condition being tested. It is the probability that a test will turn out to be negative in patients who are disease-free in the population being tested.

As well, the test has high or low specificity. A highly specific test has fewer positives results and is significant and useful in ruling out the disease in a test. An example is that when a test is 96 percent specific, it means that 96 percent of the patients will produce true negative results and lack the disorder while the rest 4 percent are false positives and have the pathological disorder. A specific test is important in situations where the false positive test could result in harm (Donner-Banzhoff, 2011).

An example when a specific test is used is when therapy is potentially dangerous in long-term anticoagulation therapy in determining the accuracy of the procedure. Both sensitivity and specificity are important in determining the accuracy of a test that is the overall test performance in patients with or without the disease.