WEEK 9 ETHICS

Ethics / 9.1 Ethical Claims Questions: 0 of 3 complete (0%) | 0 of 2 correct (0%)

Ethical Claims

Both ethics and morals involve considerations about what’s right and wrong. The term “ethics” derives from the Greek word ethos, meaning character, while “moral” comes from the Latin word moralis, meaning ethical. So the words “ethics” and “morals” are often used interchangeably.

For most of this text, we’ve been exploring the ways that people provide support that a claim is true. But now we’re exploring something quite different: how people provide support that a claim is right—not “right” in the sense of accurate but “right” in the sense of morally the correct thing to do.

Not everything has a moral dimension. Some things, like arithmetic, are amoral. The equation 2 + 2 = 4 is neither good nor bad, it’s just true. In contrast, consider the following claim:

It is wrong to eat meat.

This is still a conclusion, and to persuade others to believe it, we will need to construct an argument (i.e., provide sound reasoning to support this conclusion). So we’re still dealing with claims and arguments, fallacies and sources, and so on. But we’ve completely left the realm of science, with its observable phenomena and replicable experiments. We’re in the land of ethics now.

We learn ethics like we learn everything else, through a mixture of personal experience and shared knowledge. Every society possesses a sense that some things are right and others are wrong. Generally speaking, we believe that it is good to help other people and bad to hurt them. We learn this from our own reactions to things as we grow up and develop our sense of self. And these lessons are reinforced by parents, teachers, friends, and strangers, as well as in the stories of our culture.

A Few Helpful Terms for Discussing Ethics

Ethics: thinking and reasoning about right and wrong.

Moral principles: rules of conduct that guide an individual’s actions to take into account the interests of other people.

Excuse: a reason offered for breaking a moral principle in a given situation.

Justification: an argument claiming that violating some moral principle is actually the right course of action in a given situation.

Killing is wrong… (moral principle)

… unless you are killing someone as punishment for killing someone else. (justification)

Moral dilemma: a situation in which there is not an obvious ethically right or wrong answer, often because there are two moral principles in conflict with each other.

An armed man has entered a school and is killing children.

It’s wrong to kill.

Should I kill him to keep him from killing others?

Answer the following questions about the material above.

How do moral claims differ from other types of claims?

· They make a claim about what’s right and wrong.

· They contain a premise and a conclusion.

· There’s no such thing as a fallacy in a moral claim.

· They must be supported by evidence.

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Kayla normally believes that a mother should make her child as happy as possible. However, Kayla took away her daughter’s favorite toy for a day and explained to her husband that it was because the girl had thrown a tantrum in the grocery store and needed to be taught a lesson. Which of the following is Kayla providing?

· a moral principle

· a justification

· a moral dilemma

· an amoral claim

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Describe an example of a moral dilemma that you have encountered in your own life. 9.2 Practice: Ethical Claims

9.3 Ethical Reasoning 9.4 Practice: Ethical Reasoning 9.5 Moral Theories 9.6 Practice: Moral Theories

· 10 Case Study

 10.1 Introduction to the Case Study 10.2 Multiple Perspectives 10.3 Exploring the Context 10.4 Taking Sides 10.5 Debating Whether to Act 10.6 Challenging Credibility

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Practice: Ethical Claims

Is It Ethical to Refuse to Hire Smokers?

The following pair of articles, which appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine in April 2013, explore the controversies surrounding the question of whether or not it is ethically appropriate for institutions to adopt policies of not hiring smokers.

Read the two articles below, then answer the following questions.

Conflicts and Compromises in Not Hiring Smokers

The Ethics of Not Hiring Smokers

Which of the following provides the BEST generalization about the two articles?

· Both “Conflicts” and “Ethics” recognize the moral dilemma at stake, but “Conflicts” ultimately takes a stance against the practice while “Ethics” argues in favor of it.

· After analyzing the moral dilemma at stake, both “Conflicts” and “Ethics” conclude that it is ethical to adapt a practice of not hiring smokers.

· Both “Conflicts” and “Ethics” recognize the moral dilemma at stake, but “Conflicts” ultimately takes a stance in favor of the practice while “Ethics” argues against it.

· After analyzing the moral dilemma at stake, both “Conflicts” and “Ethics” conclude that it is unethical to adapt a practice of not hiring smokers.

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Which of the following statements from the articles has a moral dimension?

· Finding employment is becoming increasingly difficult for smokers.

· Tobacco use is responsible for approximately 440,000 deaths in the United States each year.

· It is fair to exclude smokers because they are responsible for raising health care costs.

· About 70 percent of smokers say they want to quit, but only 2 to 3 percent succeed each year.

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Using the information in these two articles, explain how an institution’s decision whether or not to adopt policies against hiring smokers is a moral dilemma.

 

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In “Conflicts,” click the link to view the figure titled “Proposed Ladder of Interventions to Reduce Tobacco Use.” In your opinion, what is the highest ladder rung where the practice described is still ethical? Explain.

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Which of the following arguments does the “Conflicts” article use to justify moving up the intervention ladder?

· Smokers choose to smoke, so they deserve the penalizing actions prescribed on the higher rungs.

· Smokers appreciate it when institutions adopt the practices higher up the ladder.

· The prescribed actions on the lower rungs haven’t done enough to deter people from smoking.

· Companies would save a lot of money in health insurance if they fenced out smokers.

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According to “Ethics,” health care organizations posed the argument that “their employees must serve as role models for patients and that only nonsmokers can do so.” Explain whether you agree or disagree with that statement, and why.

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Poll

After reading both articles, indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is unethical to refuse to hire smokers.

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· Strongly agree

· Agree

· Neither agree nor disagree

· Disagree

· Strongly disagree

Ethics / 9.3 Ethical Reasoning Questions: 0 of 3 complete (0%) | 0 of 2 correct (0%)

Ethical Reasoning

Can we reason about something as seemingly subjective as right and wrong? Well, we’re in real trouble if we can’t. We do it every day. And ethical reasoning forms a part of the most important decisions we make as individuals, organizations, and a society. Consider the following questions:

Should I forgive my brother?

Should we pay our employees based on the value they generate?

Should our country go to war?

Just like arguments for anything else, arguments for right and wrong make claims and employ reasoning in which premises are offered to support a conclusion.

Premise: Jason plagiarized his term paper.

Premise: Plagiarism is wrong.

Conclusion: Therefore, Jason was wrong to plagiarize his term paper.

Going beyond true or false to draw a conclusion about right and wrong is what makes this particular argument an ethical one. Such arguments often follow this basic pattern:

1. Premise that makes an amoral statement about a specific situation (simple fact)

2. Premise that makes a moral statement about a moral principle (right or wrong)

3. Conclusion that demonstrates a moral statement regarding the specific situation

Premise: Panhandlers often spend the money that passers-by give them on alcohol and drugs. (amoral claim stated as a simple fact)

Premise: It’s wrong to give people money that is going to be spent on alcohol and drugs. (moral statement about a moral principle)

Conclusion: Therefore, you should stop giving money to panhandlers. (conclusion that demonstrates how the moral statement applies to the specific situation)

The ethical arguments we encounter daily typically have an unstated ethical statement (an enthymeme). For instance, you’d be more likely to hear the above argument stated as something like:

Panhandlers usually just spend the money that passers-by give them on alcohol and drugs, so you should stop giving them your cash.

Formal analysis is easier when you articulate the implied claim that “You shouldn’t give people money that is going to be spent on alcohol and drugs.” Likewise, you might hear the earlier example abbreviated as “Jason plagiarized his term paper, so he was in the wrong,” hiding the implied claim that “plagiarism is wrong.”

Articulating the implied moral claim uncovers the deductive syllogism, making it easier to analyze, and calls attention to the assumed moral statement to enable scrutiny. Just like with any valid deductive argument, you would want to analyze the truth of both premises before you accept the conclusion about what you “should” be doing.

Answer the following questions about the material above.

Consider the following ethical argument:

1. Driving while intoxicated puts the lives of others at risk.

2. It is wrong to put the lives of others at risk.

3. Therefore, driving while intoxicated is wrong.

Which of the following explains why premise number 2 is a “moral statement about a moral principle”?

· It’s an objective statement that can be backed up by statistics.

· It makes a claim about risk.

· It applies a moral principle to a specific situation.

· It’s a general statement about how something is right or wrong.

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Marquell says, “Stem cell research is wrong, because it often involves the destruction of human embryos.” What is the implied moral statement in Marquell’s enthymeme?

· Stem cell research is not likely to cure any diseases.

· Marquell has personal experience with stem cell research.

· It is wrong to research cures for diseases.

· It is wrong to destroy human embryos.

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Why is it often beneficial to articulate the assumed moral statement in a moral argument, such as in the example above?

 

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Practice: Ethical Reasoning

A Dietary Dilemma

There are many reasons that people choose a vegetarian diet, and sometimes those reasons are ethical ones. But are there also ethical arguments for why you shouldn’t be a vegetarian? In 2012, the New York Times ran a contest to see who could come up with the most persuasive argument in favor of eating meat. In response to this contest, a blogger offers his own moral argument for why eating meat is unethical.

Read the two articles below, and then answer the following questions.

A Simple Argument for Vegetarianism

Give Thanks to Meat

What assumption did the New York Times “Ethicist” contest call into question?

· It is natural and right to eat meat.

· Eating meat causes suffering to animals.

· It is possible to avoid meat and still enjoy a healthy diet.

· Meat-eaters don’t care about animal suffering.

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In the ethical argument that the author of “A Simple Argument” presents, which of the following statements functions as the amoral statement of the argument?

· Trivial human interests don’t justify overriding or disregarding vital animal interests.

· Meat-eating causes avoidable suffering.

· It’s wrong, other things being equal, to be the cause of avoidable suffering.

· Therefore, meat-eating is wrong.

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The author thinks more people will argue with the second statement. Why do you think this is (or is not) the case?

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What is the central argument of “Give Thanks to Meat”?

 

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The author of “A Simple Argument” suggests that the pleasure derived from eating meat is the only human interest at stake in the activity, but the author of “Give Thanks” argues that eating meat also has which of the following benefits?

· feeding your family a nutritious diet

· providing financial support to farmers who raise livestock

· living in the most ecologically benign way

· preventing animal overpopulation

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List two explicit premises that you find most compelling in “Give Thanks to Meat.”

Ethics / 9.5 Moral Theories Questions: 0 of 3 complete (0%) | 0 of 2 correct (0%)

Moral Theories

All moral claims are grounded in some moral theory. It is the nature of such claims that they are based on a system of beliefs about what is right and wrong, just and unjust.

The table below lists a handful of the moral theories you are most likely to encounter in ethical arguments today. It’s important to note that each one has its own strengths and weaknesses.

Moral theories give you general guidelines, but you still usually have to apply moral reasoning in individual cases to test them out. For example, none of these theories explicitly claims that killing is wrong. The theories are more about how you would ground your claim that killing is wrong.

Moral theories are also not mutually exclusive. The argument that killing is wrong could be grounded in all of these theories.

Whether they know it or not, everyone has a moral theory. It is inescapable. Even if their moral theory is that there are no morals, that still represents a moral theory. But not all moral theories are equal—some hold up to critical thinking better than others.

You may see wisdom in all of these perspectives, or you may strongly identify with a single one. Regardless, it’s important for you to recognize the potential weaknesses in any moral theory you favor, and it’s helpful for you to understand why others find legitimacy in the moral theories they employ.

Theory Criticisms
Kantian Ethics

· Immanuel Kant put forth the categorical imperative, which states that you should only act on moral principles that you would be willing to turn into universal laws mandating that everyone act the same way.

· This is a version of the question, “How would you like it if everyone did that?”

Any two people who want to get married should be able to.

· This theory is so absolute that it sometimes goes against moral common sense.

It’s wrong to kiss my spouse because I would not like it if everyone kissed my spouse.

Utilitarianism

· The morally right course of action is the one that will produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.

· The only thing that matters is the consequences of the action, not the intentions behind the action (the ends justify the means).

· Ignores people’s rights, duties, and intentions.

· Could be used to justify an act that most would consider morally wrong because it inflicts harm on one person unjustly, even if it brings great happiness many others.

It’s okay to steal money from my neighbor and take my family on a vacation, because then my whole family would be happy and only my neighbor would be harmed.

Ethical Egoism

· Doing whatever is best for your own interests or would make you happy.

· This is not necessarily the same thing as doing whatever you want in the moment, because that might not be in your best interests in the long term.

· Can be used to justify terrible actions.
Ethical Altruism

· Doing whatever is best for others or would bring the greatest amount of happiness to people besides yourself.

· Sometimes it’s hard to figure out what is best for everyone involved.
Authoritarian Moral Theory

· Doing whatever an authority figure (a teacher, your boss, the president, etc.) tells you is the right thing to do.

· You’re sacrificing your critical thinking skills when you blindly follow what someone else says without scrutinizing it.
Religious Absolutism

· Doing whatever your religion, deity, or sacred text says is right.

· Like the authoritarian moral theory, it can be dangerous to blindly follow any authority.

· There is enduring controversy over which religion is the “correct” one.

· Historically, religion has been has been used to justify many actions generally considered immoral.

Moral Relativism

· Believing that morality is completely subjective and each person decides for themselves what they think is right.

· Implies that you can’t pass judgment on anybody for anything, assuming they’re doing what they believe is right.

· Becomes contradictory—what if you believe an action is wrong and another person believes the same action is right? According to moral relativism, the action would then seem to be both right and wrong.

Cultural Relativism

· Believing that whatever your culture approves of is the right thing for you to do.

· Has the same problems as moral relativism.

· How do you determine what counts as a culture or group? And what if there is disagreement within that group?

Religious Relativism

· Believing that whatever your religion approves of is the right thing for you to do.

· Has the same problems as the other relativism theories.

Answer the following questions about the material above.

Hayley reads online about tribes in Papua New Guinea that inflict cuts on young boys because they believe the experience will turn them into disciplined men. She tells her friend Celia that this practice is wrong because her parents taught her that corporal punishment for children is always wrong. What moral theory is she using?

· religious absolutism

· ethical egoism

· authoritarian moral theory

· utilitarian moral theory

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Celia claims that you can’t pass judgment on the practices of tribes in Papua New Guinea because they have their own cultural norms and the right to decide for themselves what’s right and wrong. What moral theory is she using?

· cultural relativism

· ethical altruism

· utilitarian moral theory

· religious absolutism

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Give an example of a moral dilemma in which a moral theory based on utilitarianism would suggest one course of action while a moral theory based on religious absolutism would suggest a different one.

 

Ethics / 9.6 Practice: Moral Theories Questions: 0 of 8 complete (0%) | 0 of 5 correct (0%)

Practice: Moral Theories

A Disinterested Party?

The purpose of marketing is to persuade people to get excited about a product. If people are getting excited, then does it matter whether or not they know they’re being marketed to? The following piece from 60 Minutes explores a moral dilemma about the fine line between marketing and deception.

Watch the video below, and then answer the following questions.

YouTube video. https://youtu.be/p7LTEFCH54g. Uploaded March 15, 2009, by litez16. To activate captions, first click the play button and then click the CC button in the embedded player. For a text transcript, follow the link below.

Read Text Version

What is stealth marketing?

· online advertising through social networking sites

· apparel that displays corporate logos

· product placement in movies and TV shows

· marketers simulating personal recommendations in real-life situations

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What makes stealth marketing different from traditional marketing?

 

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Why might some people think that stealth marketing is unethical?

 

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Suppose you conducted a survey of all the people you had approached through a stealth marketing campaign and found that the majority of them were happy to be introduced to a new product, and only a small minority were angry at being deceived. Under which moral theory could you use that as evidence that stealth marketing is a morally correct course of action?

· Kantian Ethics

· Authoritarian Moral Theory

· Utilitarianism

· Ethical Egoism

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If a person agreed with Malcolm Gladwell and argued that stealth marketing is unethical because it is always wrong to deceive people, which moral theory would the person be using to justify this moral statement?

· Authoritarian Moral Theory

· Kantian Ethics

· Utilitarianism

· Ethical Altruism

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If a person agreed with Malcolm Gladwell and argued that stealth marketing is unethical because it dilutes the power of real word-of-mouth communication, thus doing more harm than good in the long run, which moral theory would the person be using to justify this moral statement?

· Religious Absolutism

· Utilitarianism

· Ethical Egoism

· Kantian Ethics

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Suppose you had a product you were promoting with stealth marketing and you justified your tactics by saying, “Stealth marketing is the right thing to do because it will help me make the most money on my product.” Which moral theory would you be employing?

· Ethical Altruism

· Ethical Egoism

· Authoritarian Moral Theory

· Kantian Ethics

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Poll

Which of the following best describes your opinion on stealth marketing?

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· I love this idea! It’s a creative and innovative way to promote new products.

· Nothing wrong with it. No one’s forcing you to buy the product; they’re just exposing you to it.

· I wouldn’t mind being deceived into making a purchase by a stealth marketer as long as I was happy with the product.

· I would be very annoyed if I found out that I purchased a product promoted by a stealth marketer.

· I hate it this idea. It’s unethical to engage in a fabricated personal interaction just to promote a product.

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The Glass Castle Negative/ Positive Outcomes

DIRECTIONS: Choose three negative situations from The Glass Castle and describe them.  Support your answers with support from the text. Analyze Jeanette’s reaction to the situation and how she created positive outcomes for herself.

 

 

Negative Situation (include textual evidence and page numbers)

 

Positive Outcome

 

   
   
   

 

Self Reflection Writing Assignment

 

DIRECTIONS: Think about the things you have been through in your own life.  Choose one instance where you encountered a negative situation and were able to construe a positive outcome. Below, write about the experience in detail.  Include creative elements and figurative language.

The Glass Castle A Memoir

Jeannette Walls

SCRIBNER New York London Toronto Sydney

Acknowledgments

I’d like to thank my brother, Brian, for standing by me when we were growing up and while I wrote this.  I’m also grateful to my mother for believing in art and truth and for supporting the idea of the book; to  my brilliant and talented older sister, Lori, for coming around to it; and to my younger sister, Maureen,  whom I will always love. And to my father, Rex S. Walls, for dreaming all those big dreams.

Very special thanks also to my agent, Jennifer Rudolph Walsh, for her compassion, wit, tenacity, and  enthusiastic support; to my editor, Nan Graham, for her keen sense of how much is enough and for  caring so deeply; and to Alexis Gargagliano for her thoughtful and sensitive readings.

My gratitude for their early and constant support goes to Jay and Betsy Taylor, Laurie Peck, Cynthia  and David Young, Amy and Jim Scully, Ashley Pearson, Dan Mathews, Susan Watson, and Jessica  Taylor and Alex Guerrios.

I can never adequately thank my husband, John Taylor, who persuaded me it was time to tell my story  and then pulled it out of me.

Dark is a way and light is a place, Heaven that never was Nor will be ever is always true

—Dylan Thomas, “Poem on His Birthday”

I A WOMAN ON THE STREET

I WAS SITTING IN a taxi, wondering if I had overdressed for the evening, when I looked out the  window and saw Mom rooting through a Dumpster. It was just after dark. A blustery March wind

 

 

whipped the steam coming out of the manholes, and people hurried along the sidewalks with their  collars turned up. I was stuck in traffic two blocks from the party where I was heading.

Mom stood fifteen feet away. She had tied rags around her shoulders to keep out the spring chill and  was picking through the trash while her dog, a black­and­white terrier mix, played at her feet. Mom’s  gestures were all familiar—the way she tilted her head and thrust out her lower lip when studying items  of potential value that she’d hoisted out of the Dumpster, the way her eyes widened with childish glee  when she found something she liked. Her long hair was streaked with gray, tangled and matted, and her  eyes had sunk deep into their sockets, but still she reminded me of the mom she’d been when I was a  kid, swan­diving off cliffs and painting in the desert and reading Shakespeare aloud. Her cheekbones  were still high and strong, but the skin was parched and ruddy from all those winters and summers  exposed to the elements. To the people walking by, she probably looked like any of the thousands of  homeless people in New York City.

It had been months since I laid eyes on Mom, and when she looked up, I was overcome with panic that  she’d see me and call out my name, and that someone on the way to the same party would spot us  together and Mom would introduce herself and my secret would be out.

I slid down in the seat and asked the driver to turn around and take me home to Park Avenue.

The taxi pulled up in front of my building, the doorman held the door for me, and the elevator man took  me up to my floor. My husband was working late, as he did most nights, and the apartment was silent  except for the click of my heels on the polished wood floor. I was still rattled from seeing Mom, the  unexpectedness of coming across her, the sight of her rooting happily through the Dumpster. I put some  Vivaldi on, hoping the music would settle me down.

I looked around the room. There were the turn­of­the­century bronze­and­silver vases and the old books  with worn leather spines that I’d collected at flea markets. There were the Georgian maps I’d had  framed, the Persian rugs, and the overstuffed leather armchair I liked to sink into at the end of the day.  I’d tried to make a home for myself here, tried to turn the apartment into the sort of place where the  person I wanted to be would live. But I could never enjoy the room without worrying about Mom and  Dad huddled on a sidewalk grate somewhere. I fretted about them, but I was embarrassed by them, too,  and ashamed of myself for wearing pearls and living on Park Avenue while my parents were busy  keeping warm and finding something to eat.

What could I do? I’d tried to help them countless times, but Dad would insist they didn’t need anything,  and Mom would ask for something silly, like a perfume atomizer or a membership in a health club.  They said that they were living the way they wanted to.

After ducking down in the taxi so Mom wouldn’t see me, I hated myself—hated my antiques, my  clothes, and my apartment. I had to do something, so I called a friend of Mom’s and left a message. It  was our system of staying in touch. It always took Mom a few days to get back to me, but when I heard  from her, she sounded, as always, cheerful and casual, as though we’d had lunch the day before. I told  her I wanted to see her and suggested she drop by the apartment, but she wanted to go to a restaurant.  She loved eating out, so we agreed to meet for lunch at her favorite Chinese restaurant.

 

 

Mom was sitting at a booth, studying the menu, when I arrived. She’d made an effort to fix herself up.  She wore a bulky gray sweater with only a few light stains, and black leather men’s shoes. She’d washed  her face, but her neck and temples were still dark with grime.

She waved enthusiastically when she saw me. “It’s my baby girl!” she called out. I kissed her cheek.  Mom had dumped all the plastic packets of soy sauce and duck sauce and hot­and­spicy mustard from  the table into her purse. Now she emptied a wooden bowl of dried noodles into it as well. “A little snack  for later on,” she explained.

We ordered. Mom chose the Seafood Delight. “You know how I love my seafood,” she said.

She started talking about Picasso. She’d seen a retrospective of his work and decided he was hugely  overrated. All the cubist stuff was gimmicky, as far as she was concerned. He hadn’t really done  anything worthwhile after his Rose Period.

“I’m worried about you,” I said. “Tell me what I can do to help.”

Her smile faded. “What makes you think I need your help?”

“I’m not rich,” I said. “But I have some money. Tell me what it is you need.”

She thought for a moment. “I could use an electrolysis treatment.”

“Be serious.”

“I am serious. If a woman looks good, she feels good.”

“Come on, Mom.” I felt my shoulders tightening up, the way they invariably did during these  conversations. “I’m talking about something that could help you change your life, make it better.”

“You want to help me change my life?” Mom asked. “I’m fine. You’re the one who needs help. Your  values are all confused.”

“Mom, I saw you picking through trash in the East Village a few days ago.”

“Well, people in this country are too wasteful. It’s my way of recycling.” She took a bite of her Seafood  Delight. “Why didn’t you say hello?”

“I was too ashamed, Mom. I hid.”

Mom pointed her chopsticks at me. “You see?” she said. “Right there. That’s exactly what I’m saying.  You’re way too easily embarrassed. Your father and I are who we are. Accept it.”

“And what am I supposed to tell people about my parents?”

“Just tell the truth,” Mom said. “That’s simple enough.”

 

 

II THE DESERT

I WAS ON FIRE.

It’s my earliest memory. I was three years old, and we were living in a trailer park in a southern Arizona  town whose name I never knew. I was standing on a chair in front of the stove, wearing a pink dress my  grandmother had bought for me. Pink was my favorite color. The dress’s skirt stuck out like a tutu, and I  liked to spin around in front of the mirror, thinking I looked like a ballerina. But at that moment, I was  wearing the dress to cook hot dogs, watching them swell and bob in the boiling water as the late­ morning sunlight filtered in through the trailer’s small kitchenette window.

I could hear Mom in the next room singing while she worked on one of her paintings. Juju, our black  mutt, was watching me. I stabbed one of the hot dogs with a fork and bent over and offered it to him.  The wiener was hot, so Juju licked at it tentatively, but when I stood up and started stirring the hot dogs  again, I felt a blaze of heat on my right side. I turned to see where it was coming from and realized my  dress was on fire. Frozen with fear, I watched the yellow­white flames make a ragged brown line up the  pink fabric of my skirt and climb my stomach. Then the flames leaped up, reaching my face.

I screamed. I smelled the burning and heard a horrible crackling as the fire singed my hair and  eyelashes. Juju was barking. I screamed again.

Mom ran into the room.

“Mommy, help me!” I shrieked. I was still standing on the chair, swatting at the fire with the fork I had  been using to stir the hot dogs.

Mom ran out of the room and came back with one of the army­surplus blankets I hated because the  wool was so scratchy. She threw the blanket around me to smother the flames. Dad had gone off in the  car, so Mom grabbed me and my younger brother, Brian, and hurried over to the trailer next to ours.  The woman who lived there was hanging her laundry on the clothesline. She had clothespins in her  mouth. Mom, in an unnaturally calm voice, explained what had happened and asked if we could please  have a ride to the hospital. The woman dropped her clothespins and laundry right there in the dirt and,  without saying anything, ran for her car.

* * *

When we got to the hospital, nurses put me on a stretcher. They talked in loud, worried whispers while  they cut off what was left of my fancy pink dress with a pair of shiny scissors. Then they picked me up,  laid me flat on a big metal bed piled with ice cubes, and spread some of the ice over my body. A doctor  with silver hair and black­rimmed glasses led my mother out of the room. As they left, I heard him  telling her that it was very serious. The nurses remained behind, hovering over me. I could tell I was  causing a big fuss, and I stayed quiet. One of them squeezed my hand and told me I was going to be  okay.

 

 

“I know,” I said, “but if I’m not, that’s okay, too.”

The nurse squeezed my hand again and bit her lower lip.

The room was small and white, with bright lights and metal cabinets. I stared for a while at the rows of  tiny dots in the ceiling panels. Ice cubes covered my stomach and ribs and pressed up against my  cheeks. Out of the corner of my eye, I saw a small, grimy hand reach up a few inches from my face and  grab a handful of cubes. I heard a loud crunching sound and looked down. It was Brian, eating the ice.

* * *

The doctors said I was lucky to be alive. They took patches of skin from my upper thigh and put them  over the most badly burned parts of my stomach, ribs, and chest. They said it was called a skin graft.  When they were finished, they wrapped my entire right side in bandages.

“Look, I’m a half­mummy,” I said to one of the nurses. She smiled and put my right arm in a sling and  attached it to the headboard so I couldn’t move it.

The nurses and doctors kept asking me questions: How did you get burned? Have your parents ever hurt  you? Why do you have all these bruises and cuts? My parents never hurt me, I said. I got the cuts and  bruises playing outside and the burns from cooking hot dogs. They asked what I was doing cooking hot  dogs by myself at the age of three. It was easy, I said. You just put the hot dogs in the water and boil  them. It wasn’t like there was some complicated recipe that you had to be old enough to follow. The pan  was too heavy for me to lift when it was full of water, so I’d put a chair next to the sink, climb up and  fill a glass, then stand on a chair by the stove and pour the water into the pan. I did that over and over  again until the pan held enough water. Then I’d turn on the stove, and when the water was boiling, I’d  drop in the hot dogs. “Mom says I’m mature for my age,” I told them. “and she lets me cook for myself  a lot.”

Two nurses looked at each other, and one of them wrote something down on a clipboard. I asked what  was wrong. Nothing, they said, nothing.

* * *

Every couple of days, the nurses changed the bandages. They would put the used bandage off to the  side, wadded and covered with smears of blood and yellow stuff and little pieces of burned skin. Then  they’d apply another bandage, a big gauzy cloth, to the burns. At night I would run my left hand over  the rough, scabby surface of the skin that wasn’t covered by the bandage. Sometimes I’d peel off scabs.  The nurses had told me not to, but I couldn’t resist pulling on them real slow to see how big a scab I  could get loose. Once I had a couple of them free, I’d pretend they were talking to each other in  cheeping voices.

The hospital was clean and shiny. Everything was white—the walls and sheets and nurses’ uniforms— or silver—the beds and trays and medical instruments. Everyone spoke in polite, calm voices. It was so  hushed you could hear the nurses’ rubber­soled shoes squeaking all the way down the hall. I wasn’t used  to quiet and order, and I liked it.

I also liked it that I had my own room, since in the trailer I shared one with my brother and my sister.  My hospital room even had its very own television set up on the wall. We didn’t have a TV at home, so

 

 

I watched it a lot. Red Buttons and Lucille Ball were my favorites.

The nurses and doctors always asked how I was feeling and if I was hungry or needed anything. The  nurses brought me delicious meals three times a day, with fruit cocktail or Jell­O for dessert, and  changed the sheets even if they still looked clean. Sometimes I read to them, and they told me I was  very smart and could read as well as a six­year­old.

One day a nurse with wavy yellow hair and blue eye makeup was chewing on something. I asked her  what it was, and she told me it was chewing gum. I had never heard of chewing gum, so she went out  and got me a whole pack. I pulled out a stick, took off the white paper and the shiny silver foil under it,  and studied the powdery, putty­colored gum. I put it in my mouth and was stunned by the sharp  sweetness. “It’s really good!” I said.

“Chew on it, but don’t swallow it,” the nurse said with a laugh. She smiled real big and brought in other  nurses so they could watch me chew my first­ever piece of gum. When she brought me lunch, she told  me I had to take out my chewing gum, but she said not to worry because I could have a new stick after  eating. If I finished the pack, she would buy me another. That was the thing about the hospital. You  never had to worry about running out of stuff like food or ice or even chewing gum. I would have been  happy staying in that hospital forever.

* * *

When my family came to visit, their arguing and laughing and singing and shouting echoed through the  quiet halls. The nurses made shushing noises, and Mom and Dad and Lori and Brian lowered their  voices for a few minutes, then they slowly grew loud again. Everyone always turned and stared at Dad. I  couldn’t figure out whether it was because he was so handsome or because he called people. “pardner”  and. “goomba” and threw his head back when he laughed.

One day Dad leaned over my bed and asked if the nurses and doctors were treating me okay. If they  were not, he said, he would kick some asses. I told Dad how nice and friendly everyone was. “Well, of  course they are,” he said. “They know you’re Rex Walls’s daughter.”

When Mom wanted to know what it was the doctors and nurses were doing that was so nice, I told her  about the chewing gum.

“Ugh,” she said. She disapproved of chewing gum, she went on. It was a disgusting low­class habit, and  the nurse should have consulted her before encouraging me in such vulgar behavior. She said she was  going to give that woman a piece of her mind, by golly. “After all,” Mom said. “I am your mother, and I  should have a say in how you’re raised.”

* * *

“Do you guys miss me?” I asked my older sister, Lori, during one visit.

“Not really,” she said. “Too much has been happening.”

“Like what?”

“Just the normal stuff.”

 

 

“Lori may not miss you, honey bunch, but I sure do,” Dad said. “You shouldn’t be in this antiseptic  joint.”

He sat down on my bed and started telling me the story about the time Lori got stung by a poisonous  scorpion. I’d heard it a dozen times, but I still liked the way Dad told it. Mom and Dad were out  exploring in the desert when Lori, who was four, turned over a rock and the scorpion hiding under it  stung her leg. She had gone into convulsions, and her body had become stiff and wet with sweat. But  Dad didn’t trust hospitals, so he took her to a Navajo witch doctor who cut open the wound and put a  dark brown paste on it and said some chants and pretty soon Lori was as good as new. “Your mother  should have taken you to that witch doctor the day you got burned,” Dad said, “not to these heads­up­ their­asses med­school quacks.”

* * *

The next time they visited, Brian’s head was wrapped in a dirty white bandage with dried bloodstains.  Mom said he had fallen off the back of the couch and cracked his head open on the floor, but she and  Dad had decided not to take him to the hospital.

“There was blood everywhere,” Mom said. “but one kid in the hospital at a time is enough.”

“Besides,” Dad said, “Brian’s head is so hard, I think the floor took more damage than he did.”

Brian thought that was hilarious and just laughed and laughed.

Mom told me she had entered my name in a raffle at a fair, and I’d won a helicopter ride. I was thrilled.  I had never been in a helicopter or a plane.

“When do I get to go on the ride?” I asked.

“Oh, we already did that,” Mom said. “It was fun.”

Then Dad got into an argument with the doctor. It started because Dad thought I shouldn’t be wearing  bandages. “Burns need to breathe,” he told the doctor.

The doctor said bandages were necessary to prevent infection. Dad stared at the doctor. “To hell with  infection,” he said. He told the doctor that I was going to be scarred for life because of him, but, by  God, I wasn’t the only one who was going to walk out of there scarred.

Dad pulled back his fist as if to hit the doctor, who raised his hands and backed away. Before anything  could happen, a guard in a uniform appeared and told Mom and Dad and Lori and Brian that they  would have to leave.

Afterward, a nurse asked me if I was okay. “Of course,” I said. I told her I didn’t care if I had some silly  old scar. That was good, she said, because from the look of it, I had other things to worry about.

* * *

A few days later, when I had been at the hospital for about six weeks, Dad appeared alone in the

 

 

doorway of my room. He told me we were going to check out, Rex Walls–style.

“Are you sure this is okay?” I asked.

“You just trust your old man,” Dad said.

He unhooked my right arm from the sling over my head. As he held me close, I breathed in his familiar  smell of Vitalis, whiskey, and cigarette smoke. It reminded me of home.

Dad hurried down the hall with me in his arms. A nurse yelled for us to stop, but Dad broke into a run.  He pushed open an emergency­exit door and sprinted down the stairs and out to the street. Our car, a  beat­up Plymouth we called the Blue Goose, was parked around the corner, the engine idling. Mom was  up front, Lori and Brian in the back with Juju. Dad slid me across the seat next to Mom and took the  wheel.

“You don’t have to worry anymore, baby,” Dad said. “You’re safe now.”

A FEW DAYS AFTER Mom and Dad brought me home, I cooked myself some hot dogs. I was  hungry, Mom was at work on a painting, and no one else was there to fix them for me.

“Good for you,” Mom said when she saw me cooking. “You’ve got to get right back in the saddle. You  can’t live in fear of something as basic as fire.”

I didn’t. Instead, I became fascinated with it. Dad also thought I should face down my enemy, and he  showed me how to pass my finger through a candle flame. I did it over and over, slowing my finger with  each pass, watching the way it seemed to cut the flame in half, testing to see how much my finger could  endure without actually getting burned. I was always on the lookout for bigger fires. Whenever  neighbors burned trash, I ran over and watched the blaze trying to escape the garbage can. I’d inch  closer and closer, feeling the heat against my face until I got so near that it became unbearable, and then  I’d back away just enough to be able to stand it.

The neighbor lady who had driven me to the hospital was surprised that I didn’t run in the opposite  direction from any fire I saw. “Why the hell would she?” Dad bellowed with a proud grin. “She already  fought the fire once and won.”

I started stealing matches from Dad. I’d go behind the trailer and light them. I loved the scratching  sound of the match against the sandpapery brown strip when I struck it, and the way the flame leaped  out of the redcoated tip with a pop and a hiss. I’d feel its heat near my fingertips, then wave it out  triumphantly. I lit pieces of paper and little piles of brush and held my breath until the moment when  they seemed about to blaze up out of control. Then I’d stomp on the flames and call out the curse words  Dad used, like. “Dumb­ass sonofabitch!” and. “Cocksucker!”

One time I went out back with my favorite toy, a plastic Tinkerbell figurine. She was two inches tall,  with yellow hair pulled up in a high ponytail and her hands on her hips in a confident, cocky way that I  admired. I lit a match and held it close to Tinkerbell’s face to show her how it felt. She looked even

 

 

more beautiful in the flame’s glow. When that match went out, I lit another one, and this time I held it  really close to Tinkerbell’s face. Suddenly, her eyes grew wide, as if with fear; I realized, to my horror,  that her face was starting to melt. I put out the match, but it was too late. Tinkerbell’s once perfect little  nose had completely disappeared, and her saucy red lips had been replaced with an ugly, lopsided  smear. I tried to smooth her features back to the way they had been, but I made them even worse.  Almost immediately, her face cooled and hardened again. I put bandages on it. I wished I could perform  a skin graft on Tinkerbell, but that would have meant cutting her into pieces. Even though her face was  melted, she was still my favorite toy.

DAD CAME HOME IN the middle of the night a few months later and roused all of us from bed.

“Time to pull up stakes and leave this shit­hole behind,” he hollered.

We had fifteen minutes to gather whatever we needed and pile into the car.

“Is everything okay, Dad?” I asked. “Is someone after us?”

“Don’t you worry,” Dad said. “You leave that to me. Don’t I always take care of you?”

“‘Course you do,” I said.

“That’s my girl!” Dad said with a hug, then barked orders at us all to speed things up. He took the  essentials—a big black cast­iron skillet and the Dutch oven, some army­surplus tin plates, a few knives,  his pistol, and Mom’s archery set—and packed them in the trunk of the Blue Goose. He said we  shouldn’t take much else, just what we needed to survive. Mom hurried out to the yard and started  digging holes by the light of the moon, looking for our jar of cash. She had forgotten where she’d buried  it.

An hour passed before we finally tied Mom’s paintings on the top of the car, shoved whatever would fit  into the trunk, and piled the overflow on the backseat and the car floor. Dad steered the Blue Goose  through the dark, driving slowly so as not to alert anyone in the trailer park that we were, as Dad liked  to put it, doing the skedaddle. He was grumbling that he couldn’t understand why the hell it took so  long to grab what we needed and haul our asses into the car.

“Dad!” I said. “I forgot Tinkerbell!”

“Tinkerbell can make it on her own,” Dad said. “She’s like my brave little girl. You are brave and ready  for adventure, right?”

“I guess,” I said. I hoped whoever found Tinkerbell would love her despite her melted face. For comfort,  I tried to cradle Quixote, our gray and white cat who was missing an ear, but he growled and scratched  at my face. “Quiet, Quixote!” I said.

“Cats don’t like to travel,” Mom explained.

 

 

Anyone who didn’t like to travel wasn’t invited on our adventure, Dad said. He stopped the car, grabbed  Quixote by the scruff of the neck, and tossed him out the window. Quixote landed with a screeching  meow and a thud, Dad accelerated up the road, and I burst into tears.

“Don’t be so sentimental,” Mom said. She told me we could always get another cat, and now Quixote  was going to be a wild cat, which was much more fun than being a house cat. Brian, afraid that Dad  might toss Juju out the window as well, held the dog tight.

To distract us kids, Mom got us singing songs like. “Don’t Fence Me In” and. “This Land Is Your  Land,” and Dad led us in rousing renditions of. “Old Man River” and his favorite. “Swing Low, Sweet  Chariot.” After a while, I forgot about Quixote and Tinkerbell and the friends I’d left behind in the  trailer park. Dad started telling us about all the exciting things we were going to do and how we were  going to get rich once we reached the new place where we were going to live.

“Where are we going, Dad?” I asked.

“Wherever we end up,” he said.

* * *

Later that night, Dad stopped the car out in the middle of the desert, and we slept under the stars. We  had no pillows, but Dad said that was part of his plan. He was teaching us to have good posture. The  Indians didn’t use pillows, either, he explained, and look how straight they stood. We did have our  scratchy army­surplus blankets, so we spread them out and lay there, looking up at the field of stars. I  told Lori how lucky we were to be sleeping out under the sky like Indians.

“We could live like this forever,” I said.

“I think we’re going to,” she said.

WE WERE ALWAYS DOING the skedaddle, usually in the middle of the night. I sometimes heard  Mom and Dad discussing the people who were after us. Dad called them henchmen, bloodsuckers, and  the gestapo. Sometimes he would make mysterious references to executives from Standard Oil who  were trying to steal the Texas land that Mom’s family owned, and FBI agents who were after Dad for  some dark episode that he never told us about because he didn’t want to put us in danger, too.

Dad was so sure a posse of federal investigators was on our trail that he smoked his unfiltered cigarettes  from the wrong end. That way, he explained, he burned up the brand name, and if the people who were  tracking us looked in his ashtray, they’d find unidentifiable butts instead of Pall Malls that could be  traced to him. Mom, however, told us that the FBI wasn’t really after Dad; he just liked to say they were  because it was more fun having the FBI on your tail than bill collectors.

We moved around like nomads. We lived in dusty little mining towns in Nevada, Arizona, and  California. They were usually nothing but a tiny cluster of sad, sunken shacks, a gas station, a dry­ goods store, and a bar or two. They had names like Needles and Bouse, Pie, Goffs, and Why, and they  were near places like the Superstition Mountains, the dried­up Soda Lake, and the Old Woman  Mountain. The more desolate and isolated a place was, the better Mom and Dad liked it.

 

 

Dad would get a job as an electrician or engineer in a gypsum or copper mine. Mom liked to say that  Dad could talk a blue streak, spinning tales of jobs he’d never had and college degrees he’d never  earned. He could get about any job he wanted, he just didn’t like keeping it for long. Sometimes he  made money gambling or doing odd jobs. When he got bored or was fired or the unpaid bills piled up  too high or the lineman from the electrical company found out he had hot­wired our trailer to the utility  poles—or the FBI was closing in—we packed up in the middle of the night and took off, driving until  Mom and Dad found another small town that caught their eye. Then we’d circle around, looking for  houses with for­rent signs stuck in the front yard.

Every now and then, we’d go stay with Grandma Smith, Mom’s mom, who lived in a big white house in  Phoenix. Grandma Smith was a West Texas flapper who loved dancing and cussing and horses. She was  known for being able to break the wildest broncs and had helped Grandpa run the ranch up near Fish  Creek Canyon, Arizona, which was west of Bullhead City, not too far from the Grand Canyon. I thought  Grandma Smith was great. But after a few weeks, she and Dad would always get into some nasty  hollering match. It might start with Mom mentioning how short we were on cash. Then Grandma would  make a snide comment about Dad being shiftless. Dad would say something about selfish old crones  with more money than they knew what to do with, and soon enough they’d be face­to­face in what  amounted to a full­fledged cussing contest.

“You flea­bitten drunk!” Grandma would scream.

“You goddamned flint­faced hag!” Dad would shout back.

“You no­good two­bit pud­sucking bastard!”

“You scaly castrating banshee bitch!”

Dad had the more inventive vocabulary, but Grandma Smith could outshout him; plus, she had the  home­court advantage. A time would come when Dad had had enough and he’d tell us kids to get in the  car. Grandma would yell at Mom not to let that worthless horse’s ass take her grandchildren. Mom  would shrug and say there was nothing she could do about it, he was her husband. Off we’d go, heading  out into the desert in search of another house for rent in another little mining town.

Some of the people who lived in those towns had been there for years. Others were rootless, like us— just passing through. They were gamblers or ex­cons or war veterans or what Mom called loose women.  There were old prospectors, their faces wrinkled and brown from the sun, like dried­up apples. The kids  were lean and hard, with calluses on their hands and feet. We’d make friends with them, but not close  friends, because we knew we’d be moving on sooner or later.

We might enroll in school, but not always. Mom and Dad did most of our teaching. Mom had us all  reading books without pictures by the time we were five, and Dad taught us math. He also taught us the  things that were really important and useful, like how to tap out Morse code and how we should never  eat the liver of a polar bear because all the vitamin A in it could kill us. He showed us how to aim and  fire his pistol, how to shoot Mom’s bow and arrows, and how to throw a knife by the blade so that it  landed in the middle of a target with a satisfying thwock. By the time I was four, I was pretty good with

 

 

Dad’s pistol, a big black six­shot revolver, and could hit five out of six beer bottles at thirty paces. I’d  hold the gun with both hands, sight down the barrel, and squeeze the trigger slowly and smoothly until,  with a loud clap, the gun kicked and the bottle exploded. It was fun. Dad said my sharpshooting would  come in handy if the feds ever surrounded us.

Mom had grown up in the desert. She loved the dry, crackling heat, the way the sky at sunset looked  like a sheet of fire, and the overwhelming emptiness and severity of all that open land that had once  been a huge ocean bed. Most people had trouble surviving in the desert, but Mom thrived there. She  knew how to get by on next to nothing. She showed us which plants were edible and which were toxic.  She was able to find water when no one else could, and she knew how little of it you really needed. She  taught us that you could wash yourself up pretty clean with just a cup of water. She said it was good for  you to drink unpurified water, even ditch water, as long as animals were drinking from it. Chlorinated  city water was for namby­pambies, she said. Water from the wild helped build up your antibodies. She  also thought toothpaste was for namby­pambies. At bedtime we’d shake a little baking soda into the  palm of one hand, mix in a dash of hydrogen peroxide, then use our fingers to clean our teeth with the  fizzing paste.

I loved the desert, too. When the sun was in the sky, the sand would be so hot that it would burn your  feet if you were the kind of kid who wore shoes, but since we always went barefoot, our soles were as  tough and thick as cowhide. We’d catch scorpions and snakes and horny toads. We’d search for gold,  and when we couldn’t find it, we’d collect other valuable rocks, like turquoise and garnets. There’d be a  cool spell come sundown, when the mosquitoes would fly in so thick that the air would grow dark with  them, then at nightfall, it turned so cold that we usually needed blankets.

There were fierce sandstorms. Sometimes they hit without warning, and other times you knew one was  coming when you saw batches of dust devils swirling and dancing their way across the desert. Once the  wind started whipping up the sand, you could only see a foot in front of your face. If you couldn’t find a  house or a car or a shed to hide in when the sandstorm started, you had to squat down and close your  eyes and mouth real tight and cover your ears and bury your face in your lap until it passed, or else your  body cavities would fill with sand. A big tumbleweed might hit you, but they were light and bouncy and  didn’t hurt. If the sandstorm was really strong, it knocked you over, and you rolled around like you were  a tumbleweed.

When the rains finally came, the skies darkened and the air became heavy. Raindrops the size of  marbles came pelting out of the sky. Some parents worried that their kids might get hit by lightning, but  Mom and Dad never did, and they let us go out and play in the warm, driving water. We splashed and  sang and danced. Great bolts of lightning cracked from the low­hanging clouds, and thunder shook the  ground. We gasped over the most spectacular bolts, as if we were all watching a fireworks show. After  the storm, Dad took us to the arroyos, and we watched the flash floods come roaring through. The next  day the saguaros and prickly pears were fat from drinking as much as they could, because they knew it  might be a long, long time until the next rain.

We were sort of like the cactus. We ate irregularly, and when we did, we’d gorge ourselves. Once when  we were living in Nevada, a train full of cantaloupes heading east jumped the track. I had never eaten a  cantaloupe before, but Dad brought home crates and crates of them. We had fresh cantaloupe, stewed  cantaloupe, even fried cantaloupe. One time in California, the grape pickers went on strike. The

 

 

vineyard owners let people come pick their own grapes for a nickel a pound. We drove about a hundred  miles to the vineyards, where the grapes were so ripe they were about to burst on the vine in bunches  bigger than my head. We filled our entire car full of green grapes—the trunk, even the glove  compartment, and Dad piled stacks in our laps so high we could barely see over the top. For weeks  afterward, we ate green grapes for breakfast, lunch, and dinner.

* * *

All this running around and moving was temporary, Dad explained. He had a plan. He was going to  find gold.

Everybody said Dad was a genius. He could build or fix anything. One time when a neighbor’s TV set  broke, Dad opened the back and used a macaroni noodle to insulate some crossed wires. The neighbor  couldn’t get over it. He went around telling everyone in town that Dad sure knew how to use his noodle.  Dad was an expert in math and physics and electricity. He read books on calculus and logarithmic  algebra and loved what he called the poetry and symmetry of math. He told us about the magic qualities  every number has and how numbers unlock the secrets of the universe. But Dad’s main interest was  energy: thermal energy, nuclear energy, solar energy, electrical energy, and energy from the wind. He  said there were so many untapped sources of energy in the world that it was ridiculous to be burning all  that fossil fuel.

Dad was always inventing things, too. One of his most important inventions was a complicated  contraption he called the Prospector. It was going to help us find gold. The Prospector had a big flat  surface about four feet high and six feet wide, and it rose up in the air at an angle. The surface was  covered with horizontal strips of wood separated by gaps. The Prospector would scoop up dirt and  rocks and sift them through the maze of wooden strips. It could figure out whether a rock was gold by  the weight. It would throw out the worthless stuff and deposit the gold nuggets in a pile, so whenever  we needed groceries, we could go out back and grab ourselves a nugget. At least that was what it would  be able to do once Dad finished building it.

Dad let Brian and me help him work on the Prospector. We’d go out behind the house, and I’d hold the  nails while Dad hit them. Sometimes he let me start the nails, and then he’d drive them in with one hard  blow from the hammer. The air would be filled with sawdust and the smell of freshly cut wood, and the  sound of hammering and whistling, because Dad always whistled while he worked.

In my mind, Dad was perfect, although he did have what Mom called a little bit of a drinking situation.  There was what Mom called Dad’s. “beer phase.” We could all handle that. Dad drove fast and sang  really loud, and locks of his hair fell into his face and life was a little bit scary but still a lot of fun. But  when Dad pulled out a bottle of what Mom called. “the hard stuff,” she got kind of frantic, because  after working on the bottle for a while, Dad turned into an angry­eyed stranger who threw around  furniture and threatened to beat up Mom or anyone else who got in his way. When he’d had his fill of  cussing and hollering and smashing things up, he’d collapse. But Dad drank hard liquor only when we  had money, which wasn’t often, so life was mostly good in those days.

Every night when Lori, Brian, and I were about to go to sleep, Dad told us bedtime stories. They were  always about him. We’d be tucked in our beds or lying under blankets in the desert, the world dark  except for the orange glow from his cigarette. When he took a long draw, it lit up just enough for us to  see his face.

 

 

“Tell us a story about yourself, Dad!” we’d beg him.

“Awww. You don’t want to hear another story about me,” he’d say.

“Yes, we do! We do!” we’d insist.

“Well, okay,” he’d say. He’d pause and chuckle at some memory. “There’s many a damned foolhardy  thing that your old man has done, but this one was harebrained even for a crazy sonofabitch like Rex  Walls.”

And then he’d tell us about how, when he was in the air force and his plane’s engine conked out, he  made an emergency landing in a cattle pasture and saved himself and his crew. Or about the time he  wrestled a pack of wild dogs that had surrounded a lame mustang. Then there was the time he fixed a  broken sluice gate on the Hoover Dam and saved the lives of thousands of people who would have  drowned if the dam had burst. There was also the time he went AWOL in the air force to get some beer,  and while he was at the bar, he caught a lunatic who was planning to blow up the air base, which went  to show that occasionally, it paid to break the rules.

Dad was a dramatic storyteller. He always started out slow, with lots of pauses. “Go on! What happened  next?” we’d ask, even if we’d already heard that story before. Mom giggled or rolled her eyes when Dad  told his stories, and he glared at her. If someone interrupted his storytelling, he got mad, and we had to  beg him to continue and promise that no one would interrupt again.

Dad always fought harder, flew faster, and gambled smarter than everyone else in his stories. Along the  way, he rescued women and children and even men who weren’t as strong and clever. Dad taught us the  secrets of his heroics—he showed us how to straddle a wild dog and break his neck, and where to hit a  man in the throat so you could kill him with one powerful jab. But he assured us that as long as he was  around, we wouldn’t have to defend ourselves, because, by God, anyone who so much as laid a finger on  any of Rex Walls’s children was going to get their butts kicked so hard that you could read Dad’s shoe  size on their ass cheeks.

When Dad wasn’t telling us about all the amazing things he had already done, he was telling us about  the wondrous things he was going to do. Like build the Glass Castle. All of Dad’s engineering skills  and mathematical genius were coming together in one special project: a great big house he was going to  build for us in the desert. It would have a glass ceiling and thick glass walls and even a glass staircase.  The Glass Castle would have solar cells on the top that would catch the sun’s rays and convert them into  electricity for heating and cooling and running all the appliances. It would even have its own water­ purification system. Dad had worked out the architecture and the floor plans and most of the  mathematical calculations. He carried around the blueprints for the Glass Castle wherever we went, and  sometimes he’d pull them out and let us work on the design for our rooms.

All we had to do was find gold, Dad said, and we were on the verge of that. Once he finished the  Prospector and we struck it rich, he’d start work on our Glass Castle.

 

 

AS MUCH AS DAD liked to tell stories about himself, it was almost impossible to get him to talk  about his parents or where he was born. We knew he came from a town called Welch, in West Virginia,  where a lot of coal was mined, and that his father had worked as a clerk for the railroad, sitting every  day in a little station house, writing messages on pieces of paper that he held up on a stick for the  passing train engineers. Dad had no interest in a life like that, so he left Welch when he was seventeen  to join the air force and become a pilot.

One of his favorite stories, which he must have told us a hundred times, was about how he met and fell  in love with Mom. Dad was in the air force, and Mom was in the USO, but when they met, she was on  leave visiting her parents at their cattle ranch near Fish Creek Canyon.

Dad and some of his air force buddies were on a cliff of the canyon, trying to work up the nerve to dive  into the lake forty feet below, when Mom and a friend drove up. Mom was wearing a white bathing suit  that showed off her figure and her skin, which was dark from the Arizona sun. She had light brown hair  that turned blond in the summer, and she never wore any makeup except deep red lipstick. She looked  just like a movie star, Dad always said, but hell, he’d met lots of beautiful women before, and none of  them had ever made him weak in the knees. Mom was different. He saw right away that she had true  spirit. He fell in love with her the split second he laid eyes on her.

Mom walked up to the air force men and told them that diving off the cliff was no big deal, she’d been  doing it since she was little. The men didn’t believe her, so Mom went right to the edge of the cliff and  did a perfect swan dive into the water below.

Dad jumped in after her. No way in hell, he’d say, was he letting a fine broad like that get away from  him.

“What kind of dive did you do, Dad?” I asked whenever he told the story.

“A parachute dive. Without a parachute,” he always answered.

Dad swam after Mom, and right there in the water, he told her he was going to marry her. Twenty­three

Persuasive Speech Outline: Cybersecurity And Internet Privacy Is A Major Issue In Today’s Society

Student Name: Class: SPC

2608

Date: Instructor Name:

Title:

Topic:

General Purpose:

Specific Purpose:

Thesis Statement:

Time: 5-7 minutes

I. INTRODUCTION (Attention Step)

A. Attention-getter:

B. Credibility statement:

C. Relevance to audience statement:

D. Preview of main points:

Transition:

II. BODY

A. Body main point I (Need)

1. First subpoint

 

 

a. First sub-subpoint

b. Second sub-subpoint

2. Second subpoint

a. First sub-subpoint

b. Second sub-subpoint

Transition:

B. Body main point II (Satisfaction)

1. First subpoint

a. First sub-subpoint

b. Second sub-subpoint

2. Second subpoint

a. First sub-subpoint

b. Second sub-subpoint

Transition:

C. Body main point III (Visualization)

1. First subpoint

a. First sub-subpoint

 

 

b. Second sub-subpoint

2. Second subpoint

a. First sub-subpoint

b. Second sub-subpoint

Transition:

III. CONCLUSION (Action Step)

A. Review of main points:

B. Restatement of thesis:

C. Call to action statement:

D. Concluding statement:

 

 

 

References

 Center the title of the reference page.

 All reference entries are double spaced.

 Use a “hanging indent” for all reference entries. The first line in the entry is left

aligned. All subsequent lines in an entry are indented by ½ inch.

 Entries are alphabetized by author last name.

 Each reference entry generally includes author information, a publication date, an

article title, and a URL (for electronic resources).

Literacy: A Lineage

LITERACY NARRATIVE / An Annotated Example

Melanie luken was a senior French and English major at The Ohio State University when she wrote this literacy narrative for an English course in which she was being trained to be a writing tutor.

Literacy: A Lineage MELANIE LUKEN

The author makes her point clear from the start: her father played a large role in her love of reading and writing.

I t would be impossible to discuss my path to literacy without talking about my literary guardian, the person who inspired and —• encouraged my love for reading and writing: my father. I spent a

lot of time with my dad as a child, but one of the most important experiences we shared was our Sunday afternoon bike rides. We nearly always took the same route, down to the bike path by the river, circling around, and breaking at Carillon Park under the bell tower. We would just sit, rest, and think under the bells. Etched at the bottom of the bell tower was part’of a poerrTby Henry Wadsworth Longfellow:

It was as if an earthquake rent The hearth-stones of a continent, And made forlorn The households born Of peace on earth, good-will to men! And in despair I bowed my head; “There is no peace on earth,” I said; “For hate is strong,

[ 132 ]

 

 

Luken / Literacy: A Lineage [ 133 ]

And mocks the song Of peace on earth, good-will to men!” Then pealed the bells more loud and deep: “God is not dead; nor doth he sleepy The Wrong shall fail, The Right prevail, With peace on earth, good-will to men.” (lines 21-35)

My dad would inevitably read it aloud, but we both knew it by heart; it is one of the many poems that have come to mean some­ thing to me. As I got older, my dad didn’t come riding as often with me. He was older and more tired, but I still went by myself. Each time I arrived under the bells, I would recite the poem to •— ^aders^tøthe story myself, even when the weather was cold and my breath made the air foggy. It had become part of me, this poem, this tradition of riding and reading and thinking. In the same way, my passion for reading and writing developed in me through the influence of my father who has a deep love of literature himself. For this reason, my definition of literacy involves more than the ability to read and write; for me, it is also a tradition, an inheritance I received from X my father, and an ability to appreciate language because of him and ’’P- because of many other writers who came before me.

You could define my dad as a jack-of-all-trades artist. He has dabbled in almost every art: novel-writing, poetry-writing, song­ writing, painting, sculpture, and acting. He was originally in gradu­ ate school for English with hopes of becoming a professor. After a couple of years, however, he tired of academia. His tendencies to­ wards creativity and individuality did not mix well with the intense analysis and structure of university life. Eventually, he ended up as ã stay-at-home dad, my stay-at-home dad, who continues to this day to work on his art and writing. Although our relationship has not always been simple and easy, I benefited greatly from having such an intelligent and imaginative father as my primary caretaker.

For my whole life, my father has quoted the “greats,” the “clas­ sics,” or at least the authors that he admired, in normal conversa­ tion. It has become a joke among me and my brothers because we can all recite from memory his favorite lines of books and his favorite poems. Because of him I can quote, “If you can keep your

 

 

[ 134 ] GENRES OF WRITING

Vivid details and classic lines from literature bring the story to life.

A firsthand account, told from a first-person point of view.

head when all about you / Are losing theirs and blaming it on you” (Kipling lines 1-2), “And early though the laurel grows / It with­ ers quicker than the rose” (Housman lines 11-12), “I grow old . . . I grow old . . . / I shall wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled” (Eliot lines 120-21), and of course, “Call Me Ishmael” (Melville 3), among many others. Sometimes he will quote things far out of con­ text, and yet I understand and enjoy it because these quotes evoke intense feelings of tradition and love. My father’s love of literature pervaded my young mind the way it must pervade his own, and it has stayed with me.

From the time I could read and write, I wrote and acted out princess stories all on my own. I read vociferously, and I loved being told stories. I attribute all of this to my father, who taught me to read and to write, who put Little Women in my hands when I was ten years old, and who continued to introduce me to his favorite authors as I got older. The only reason I picked up books like The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter or Capote’s Other Voices, Other Rooms, is because he suggested them or handed them to me. I re­ alize that I did not have a particularly normal American childhood in terms of my relationship with books and literature (most of my friends preferred playing sports or watching TV to reading), but I am blessed to have a father who sees art in language and stories and who passed this gift to me. I have a greater understanding of the diversity of books, authors, and the ways in which language is used because of my father. He always pushed me to read litera­ ture other than what I read in school and particularly encouraged me to read female writers like Carson McCullers, Zora Neale Hurston, and Flannery O’Connor to empower me as a young girl and to expand my perspective. Now, everything I read is within this tradition that he and I have established.

Another thing that I vividly remember as a child is spending quite a bit of time in public libraries. My brothers, my dad, and I would visit the library at least once a week, and more often in the summer when we were out of school. We were never allowed to play video games or watch much TV, so our entertainment consisted of what we could create ourselves or what we could gain from books. Our ability to use and understand language proficiently was very impor­ tant to my father. Although I am the only child who has displayed a penchant for creative writing, I think my father has always held on

 

 

Luken / Literacy: A Lineage

to the hope that each of his children will spring into novel-writers. Since we were about twelve or thirteen, he has consistently de- manded that we each write a story for him at Christmastime rather than buy him a gift. His favorite is a story I wrote for him in high school; it was my own personal version of A Christmas Carol.

I began seriously writing creatively towards the end of high school. I have kept journals since I was eight or nine, but in high school, I discovered my true capacity for poetry. I wrote poetry for English classes and for our high school literary magazine. When I got to college, I naturally began taking creative writing classes. I have taken Beginning Poetry, Intermediate Poetry twice, and the Honors 598 seminar with a creative writing component. I improve constantly and with each class my relationship to language changes and grows. Anyone who has taken a workshop knows that, in I these courses, you have to be able to stand criticism and to pick-yK out which suggestions are beneficial and which are not. It was my father, the constant in my literacy narrative, who encouraged me through all of these classes, telling me that no matter what any­ body thought, I was a poet, a better poet than he had ever been.

I believe that my choice to major in French is also rooted in this tradition of language and literature. Studying a foreign language can, at times, be just like learning how to read and write as a child. Studying French intensely became for me the perfect, impossible challenge: to read and write French like I read and write English. However, it seems that as long and hard as I study French, I will never be quite so comfortable nor quite so capable of understand­ ing it or placing it within a context. I believe that thişjs partially because tradition plays no role in my study of French. It has noth- inpjtodo with my-family or my background, and it cannot move me emotionally to the extent that English language can. Unlike French, I havelTtradition of reading, speaking, and writing English, and I have a much vaster appreciation for English literature in general.

Because of my father and our shared love of literature, my defi­

ƒ0

nition ofliteracyjs intimately linked to the idea o^fraditìoÿ. In a way, ¿ ciear indication of why my literacy is part of my lineage, part of the legacy oT my father. My •— this story matters to the love for literature and writing, my poetic tendencies, my passion for language are all gifts from him. I think that I tend to have more of an imagination than my peers, and I also love to write and create using words. The reason for these qualities is that my father once

 

 

[ 136 ] GENRES OF WRITING

The author concludes with a strong statement about why this story is so meaningful.

inspired in me his own creativity and instructed me on the under­ standing of human experience through writing. In turn, this literacy experience is something I want to pass on to my children someday.

Literacy is generally known as the ability to read and write. My definition of literacy is: the ability to read, write, and understand within a tradition. For me, this is a familial tradition that has per­ meated my literacy experience. Parents have an incredible power to influence their children through their own behaviors and at­ titudes, and it is certainly true that my father has impressed upon me his own attitudes towards literacy and literature. Now, every time we talk he asks me, “What are you reading? What do you think about it?” We talk about what each of us is reading, as well as our thoughts and impressions. In this way, the tradition continues.

Some daughters inherit a certain amount of money from their fathers. Some inherit a car or a house. Others inherit jewelry. My father will never have much money or a nice car or many mate­ rial goods at all. I have, however, received something from him

—• that will last my whole life and will continue to give me joy as long as I live. He has passed on to me his love of language and litera­ ture. It is within this tradition that I understand literacy, a tradition that causes me to sometimes think “God is not dead; nor doth he sleep!” (Longfellow 32) when I hear bells ringing.

Works Cited

Eliot, T. S. “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.” Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2009.

Housman, A. E. “To an Athlete Dying Young.” Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2009.

Kipling, Rudyard. “If.” Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2009.

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. “Christmas Bells.” Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2009.

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick. New York: Penguin Books, 1988. Print.

REFLECT on your own experiences as a writer or reader. Identify one person who played a key role in your developing literacy. What did he or she teach you, and how? Whatever it was, what impact has it had on your life?