literature review #4

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State the research question(s) addressed in the articles- what is being investigated? Briefly describe the study (case study, experimental, etc.)

Findings
What were some of the findings and/ or conclusions drawn from the article?

Implications
How is this important to ELLs?
How has this changed your understanding of second language acquisition or English language learning?  What is your understanding of ELLs and of teaching ELLs?

**ATTACHED YOU WILL FIND THE LITERACTURE REVIEW ARTICLE NEEDED TO COMPLETE THE ASSIGNMENT.  IT HAS TO BE DONE IN ESSAY FORMMAT, not a q&a

Duck calls

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In week 3’s first assignment, you learned about all of Bill’s legal woes. Well, Bill is back again. And it again concerns his side business of building duck calls.
Shortly after his first visit with you, Bill went to a Wild Game Dinner. At the event, Bill met Joseph, who is the cousin of one of Bill’s neighbors. Joseph has a sports and hunting store in Clarksville, TN. Bill told Joseph about his duck calls. Joseph said that he would be interested in selling them in his store on a trial basis. To encourage him to do the trial, Bill told Joseph that he would give him a discounted price for his first order. 
The next week, Joseph sent Bill his store’s standard purchase order form, which included pre-written terms, such as an arbitration clause and a warranty of merchantability. Joseph requested to purchase 50 units at the “discounted” price that Bill spoke of at the event. Joseph requests to pay for the units in 90 days. 
Bill was excited. He quickly sent a written confirmation to Bill. However, in the confirmation, Bill again made some typographical errors. First, Bill wrote the wrong price. Second, Bill wrote the wrong number of units.  In pertinent part, Bill’s confirmation stated:
“Thanks for agreeing to try selling my duck calls in your store. As I mentioned, I will give you a discounted price. I normally sell my handcrafted wooden duck calls to retailers for $43.00 with a suggested retail price of $59.99. Since you are trying them out, I will sell you 500 for $3.500. I will send you the units as soon as I have them ready. I have no problem with payment in 90 days from now.”
Joseph reviewed the written confirmation a few days later. Joseph is initially upset about Bill increasing the units from 50 to 500; however, after seeing the discount he is getting, Joseph has no problem with the increased purchase order. He believes that, if they do not sell well, he can easily sell the duck calls for $12.99 and make a good profit. As such, Joseph does not say anything to Bill about the increased purchase order. Instead, Joseph tells Bill, “I agree to the terms you sent.” 
Bill sends Joseph 50 duck calls about a week after Joseph’s confirmation. Joseph likes the duck calls and thinks they are good quality. He places them on sale for $29.99 and sells the first 50 units in two weeks. As such, Joseph is anxious to get the next batch. He sends Bill an email, stating in pertinent part: “The ducks calls are a big hit! I’ve sold out! Send me the remaining units as quick as you can. Do you have any idea when you will send more units?”
Bill is confused by Joseph’s email. Bill reviews the prior correspondence and sees his two errors. He calls Joseph and tells Joseph about the errors. Joseph thinks Bill is now regretting their deal since the duck calls sold so fast. He believes that Bill wants to sell his duck calls at a higher price. Joseph tells Bill that he cannot back out of their deal now because they have a contract.
Bill has come to you for help. Please give Bill some guidance on this mess he has gotten himself into. (20 points)

No other sources than what is provided.

6100 W2 DB Q1

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After reading Chapter 4, the Behavioral Approach, please discuss the following questions on Case C4.2:  Eating Lunch Standing Up on pages 84 in our text Leadership:

According to the Behavioral Approach, how would you describe Susan’s leadership style?
Based on this reading, why does her leadership behavior create such a reaction from her subordinates?
Do you think she should change her behavior? Why or why not?
Would she be effective is she changed?  Why or why not? 

Case 4.2: Eating Lunch Standing Up
Susan Parks is the part-owner and manager of Marathon Sports, an athletic equipment store that specializes in running
shoes and accessories. The store employs about 10 people, most of whom are college students who work part-time during
the week and full-time on weekends. Marathon Sports is the only store of its kind in a college town with a population of
125,000. The annual sales figures for the store have shown 15% growth each year.
Susan has a lot invested in the store, and she works very hard to make sure the store continues to maintain its reputation
and pattern of growth. She works 50 hours a week at the store, where she wears many hats, including those of buyer,
scheduler, trainer, planner, and salesperson. There is never a moment when Susan is not doing something. Rumor has it
that she eats her lunch standing up.
Employees reactions to Susan are strong and varied. Some people like her style, and others do not. Those who like her
style talk about how organized and efficient the store is when she is in charge. Susan makes the tasks and goals for
everyone very clear. She keeps everyone busy; when they go home at night, they feel as if they have accomplished
something. They like to work for Susan because she knows what she is doing. Those who do not like her style complain
that she is too driven. It seems that her sole purpose for being at the store is to get the job done. She seldom, if ever, takes a
break or just hangs out with the staff. These people say Susan is pretty hard to relate to, and as a result, it is not much fun
working at Marathon Sports.
Susan is beginning to sense that employees have a mixed reaction to her leadership style. This bothers her, but she does
not know what to do about it. In addition to her work at the store, Susan struggles hard to be a good spouse and mother of
three children.

Questions
1. According to the behavioral approach, how would you describe Susans leadership?
2. Why does her leadership behavior create such a pronounced reaction from her employees?
3. Do you think she should change her behavior?
4. Would she be effective if she changed?

Planning

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Insert yourself into the role of an I-O psychologist for a financial services firm that has just been investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The investigation ultimately led to the dismissal of your chief executive officer (CEO) for ethical and legal violations.

You will prepare a proposal that analyzes and recommends an organizational change process to address ethical and legal problems of this financial services firm.

Requirements

In your proposal, address these requirements:

Analyze a method you would use to identify both the micro (individual) and macro (systemic) issues that may have interacted to foster an organizational culture and climate in which this sort of ethical lapse could occur. Support your evaluation with I-O psychology peer-reviewed journal articles and real-world examples.
Compare two instruments, or other assessment methods, that your organization might use for selecting a new CEO. Provide a balanced view of both the pros and cons of the chosen instruments, and support their validity for this purpose. Your chosen instruments could measure the following (or related) constructs:
Ethics.
Motivation.
Intelligence.
Aptitude.
Leadership qualities.
Personality and individual differences.
Organizational citizenship.
Integrity.
Apply I-O psychology tools and methods to create a CEO job description that reflects the organizational changes that must occur. Concentrate on general leadership and ethical qualities, rather than the day-to-day skills required to run a financial firm.
Analyze a process for organizational change that could address the ethical and legal problems that have plagued the firm. Keep in mind that an I-O psychologist would also need to know when to recommend a multidisciplinary, team approach to address certain specialized areas (such as legal areas). What are the challenges to getting this change initiative and process developed and implemented?