US History Book Essay
Instructions:
1. Only use this book. (ebook attached) DO NOT USE ANY OUTSIDE SOURCE!!)
2. Use question-answer format—write out the question, then write a short essay answering it. Do that for each question.
3. Use quotes and page citations for each chapter (essays that don’t will be graded down).
4. I would like 70-90% of the answers are quotes for each question. The rest can be your own writing with very simple English PLEASE!
5. The essay needs to be total of 8 pages minimum.
6. Double spaced Please.
Questions:
Ch.6, The Revolution Within
1. In what ways did political and religious liberties expand after the Revolution? (Democratizing Freedom + Toward Religious Toleration)
2. How did the Revolution affect the status of women? (Daughters of Liberty)
Ch.7, Founding a Nation (1783-1789)
1. What events and ideas led to the belief in 1786 and 1787 that the Articles of Confederation were not working well? (America Under the Confederation)
2. What were the major arguments in support of the Constitution given by the Federalists? What were the major arguments against the Constitution put forth by the Anti-Federalists? (The Ratification Debate and the Origin of the Bill of Rights)
Ch.14, A New Birth of Freedom: The Civil War (1861-1865)
1. Describe how the North’s war aims evolved between 1861 and 1863, changing from simply preserving the Union to also ending slavery. What role did blacks play in winning the Civil War? (The Coming of Emancipation)
2. How did the war effort and leadership problems affect the society and economy of the Confederacy? (The Confederate Nation)
G I V E M E
L I B E R T Y ! A N A M E R I C A N H I S T O R Y
B r i e f F o u r t h E d i t i o n
B W . W . N O R T O N & C O M P A N Y
N E W Y O R K . L O N D O N
E R I C F O N E R
G I V E M E
L I B E R T Y ! A N A M E R I C A N H I S T O R Y
B r i e f F o u r t h E d i t i o n
W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By mid-century, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program— trade books and college texts—were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and today—with a staff of 400 and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year— W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees.
Copyright © 2014, 2012 by Eric Foner All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Fourth Edition Editor: Steve Forman Associate Editor: Justin Cahill Editorial Assistant: Penelope Lin Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson Managing Editor, College Digital Media: Kim Yi Project Editor: Diane Cipollone Copy Editor: Elizabeth Dubrulle Marketing Manager: Sarah England Media Editors: Steve Hoge, Tacy Quinn Assistant Editor, Media: Stefani Wallace Production Manager: Sean Mintus Art Director: Rubina Yeh Designer: Chin-Yee Lai Photo Editor: Stephanie Romeo Photo Research: Donna Ranieri Permissions Manager: Megan Jackson Permissions Clearing: Bethany Salminen Composition and Layout: Jouve Manufacturing: Transcontinental
Since this page cannot accommodate all of the copyright notices, the Credits pages at the end of the book constitute an extension of the copyright page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for.
This edition: ISBN 978-0-393-92033-8 (pbk.)
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110-0017 wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
For my mother, Liza Foner (1909–2005), an accomplished artist who lived
through most of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first
E R I C F O N E R is DeWitt Clinton Professor of History at Columbia University, where he earned his B.A. and Ph.D. In his teaching and scholarship, he focuses on the Civil War and Reconstruction, slavery, and nineteenth-century America. Professor Foner’s publi- cations include Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War; Tom Paine and Revolutionary America; Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy; Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877; The Story of American Free- dom; and Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. His history of Recon- struction won the Los Angeles Times Book Award for History, the Bancroft Prize, and the Parkman Prize. He has served as president of the Organization of American Historians and the American Historical Association. In 2006 he received the Presidential Award for Outstanding Teaching from Columbia University. His most recent book is The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery, winner of the Lincoln Prize, the Bancroft Prize, and the Pulitzer Prize.
A B O U T T H E A U T H O R
C O N T E N T S
Contents
vi i
1 . A N E W W O R L D . . . 1
THE FIRST AMERICANS . . . 3
The Settling of the Americas … 3 Indian Societies of the Americas … 3
Mound Builders of the Mississippi River Valley … 5 Western Indians … 6
Indians of Eastern North America … 6 Native American Religion … 7
Land and Property … 9 Gender Relations … 10 European Views
of the Indians … 10
INDIAN FREEDOM, EUROPEAN FREEDOM .. . 11
Indian Freedom … 11 Christian Liberty … 12 Freedom and
Authority … 12 Liberty and Liberties … 13
THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE . . . 13
Chinese and Portuguese Navigation … 14 Freedom and Slavery in
Africa … 14 The Voyages of Columbus … 16
CONTACT . . . 16
Columbus in the New World … 16 Exploration and Conquest … 17
The Demographic Disaster … 19
THE SPANISH EMPIRE . . . 20
Governing Spanish America … 21 Colonists and Indians in Spanish
America … 21 Justifications for Conquest … 22 Piety and Profit … 23
Reforming the Empire … 24 Exploring North America … 25
Spanish in Florida and the Southwest … 25 The Pueblo Revolt … 27
Voices of Freedom: From Bartolomé de las Casas, History of the Indies
(1528), and From “Declaration of Josephe” (December 19, 1681) … 28
THE FRENCH AND DUTCH EMPIRES . . . 30
French Colonization … 32 New France and the Indians … 32 The
Dutch Empire … 34 Dutch Freedom … 34 The Dutch and Religious
Toleration … 35 Settling New Netherland … 36 Features of European
Settlement … 36
REVIEW .. . 37
2 . B E G I N N I N G S O F E N G L I S H A M E R I C A , 1 6 0 7 – 1 6 6 0 . . . 3 8
ENGLAND AND THE NEW WORLD . . . 40
Unifying the English Nation … 40 England and Ireland … 40 England
and North America … 40 Motives for Colonization … 41 The Social
Crisis … 42 Masterless Men … 43
A b o u t t h e A u t h o r . . . v
L i s t o f M a p s , T a b l e s , a n d F i g u r e s . . . x v i i i
P r e f a c e . . . x x
vii i
Contents
THE COMING OF THE ENGLISH .. . 43
English Emigrants … 43 Indentured Servants … 44 Land and
Liberty … 44 Englishmen and Indians … 45 The Transformation
of Indian Life … 46
SETTLING THE CHESAPEAKE .. . 47
The Jamestown Colony … 47 Powhatan and Pocahontas … 48 The
Uprising of 1622 … 49 A Tobacco Colony … 50 Women and the
Family … 50 The Maryland Experiment … 52 Religion in
Maryland … 52
THE NEW ENGLAND WAY .. . 53
The Rise of Puritanism … 53 Moral Liberty … 53 The Pilgrims at
Plymouth … 54 The Great Migration … 55 The Puritan Family … 55
Government and Society in Massachusetts … 56 Church and State in
Puritan Massachusetts … 58
NEW ENGLANDERS DIVIDED .. . 59
Roger Williams … 60 Rhode Island and Connecticut … 60 The Trials
of Anne Hutchinson … 61 Puritans and Indians … 61
Voices of Freedom: From “The Trial of Anne Hutchinson” (1637),
and From John Winthrop, Speech to the Massachusetts General Court
(July 3, 1645) … 62
The Pequot War … 64 The New England Economy … 65 A Growing
Commercial Society … 66
RELIGION, POLITICS, AND FREEDOM … 67
The Rights of Englishmen … 67 The English Civil War … 68
England’s Debate over Freedom … 68 The Civil War and English
America … 69 Cromwell and the Empire … 70
REVIEW .. . 71
3 . C R E A T I N G A N G L O – A M E R I C A , 1 6 6 0 – 1 7 5 0 . . . 7 2
GLOBAL COMPETITION AND THE EXPANSION OF
ENGLAND’S EMPIRE . . . 74
The Mercantilist System … 74 The Conquest of New Netherland … 74
New York and the Indians … 75 The Charter of Liberties … 77 The
Founding of Carolina … 77 The Holy Experiment … 78 Land in
Pennsylvania … 79
ORIGINS OF AMERICAN SLAVERY .. . 80
Englishmen and Africans … 80 Slavery in History … 81 Slavery
in the West Indies … 81 Slavery and the Law … 82 The Rise of
Chesapeake Slavery … 83 Bacon’s Rebellion: Land and Labor in
Virginia … 83 A Slave Society … 85
Contents
ix
COLONIES IN CRISIS . . . 86
The Glorious Revolution … 86 The Glorious Revolution in America … 87
The Salem Witch Trials … 89
THE GROWTH OF COLONIAL AMERICA .. . 90
A Diverse Population … 90 The German Migration … 91
Voices of Freedom: From Memorial against Non-English Immigration
(December 1727), and From Letter by a Swiss-German Immigrant
to Pennsylvania (August 23, 1769) … 92
Religious Diversity … 95 Indian Life in Transition … 95 Regional
Diversity … 96 The Consumer Revolution … 97 Colonial Cities … 97
An Atlantic World … 98
SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE COLONIES . . . 99
The Colonial Elite … 99 Anglicization … 100 Poverty in the
Colonies … 100 The Middle Ranks … 101 Women and the
Household Economy … 101 North America at Mid-Century … 102
REVIEW .. . 103
4 . S L A V E R Y , F R E E D O M , A N D T H E S T R U G G L E F O R E M P I R E , T O 1 7 6 3 . . . 1 0 4
SLAVERY AND EMPIRE . . . 106
Atlantic Trade … 106 Africa and the Slave Trade … 107 The Middle
Passage … 109 Chesapeake Slavery … 109 The Rice Kingdom … 110
The Georgia Experiment … 111 Slavery in the North … 112
SLAVE CULTURES AND SLAVE RESISTANCE .. . 113
Becoming African-American … 113 African Religion in Colonial America
… 113 African-American Cultures … 114 Resistance to Slavery … 115
AN EMPIRE OF FREEDOM .. . 116
British Patriotism … 116 The British Constitution … 117 Republican
Liberty … 117 Liberal Freedom … 118
THE PUBLIC SPHERE . . . 119
The Right to Vote … 119 Political Cultures … 120 The Rise of the
Assemblies … 121 Politics in Public … 121 The Colonial Press … 122
Freedom of Expression and Its Limits … 122 The Trial of Zenger … 123
The American Enlightenment … 124
THE GREAT AWAKENING .. . 125
Religious Revivals … 125 The Preaching of Whitefield … 126 The
Awakening’s Impact … 126
IMPERIAL RIVALRIES . . . 127
Spanish North America … 127 The Spanish in California … 127 The
French Empire … 129
x
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