Public Speaking for College & Career
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Public Speaking for College & Career
11e
Hamilton Gregory Asheville-Buncombe Technical Community College
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PUBLIC SPEAKING FOR COLLEGE & CAREER, ELEVENTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2018 by Hamilton Gregory. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2013, 2010, 2008, and 2005. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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ISBN 978-0-07-803698-9 (student edition) MHID 0-07-803698-4 (student edition) ISBN 978-1-259-89992-8 (annotated instructor’s edition) MHID 1-259-89992-6 (annotated instructor’s edition)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Gregory, Hamilton. Title: Public speaking for college & career / Hamilton Gregory. Other titles: Public speaking for college and career Description: Eleventh edition. | New York : McGraw-Hill, 2016. | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016040032 | ISBN 9780078036989 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Public speaking. Classification: LCC PN4121 .G716 2016 | DDC 808.5/1—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016040032
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Dedicated to the memory of Merrell, my beloved wife and best friend
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Brief Contents
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Preface xi
Foundations of Effective Communication Chapter 1 Introduction to Public Speaking 2
Chapter 2 Managing Nervousness 20
Chapter 3 Listening 36
Developing a Focus Chapter 4 Reaching the Audience 52
Chapter 5 Selecting Topic, Purpose, and Central Idea 72
Preparing Content Chapter 6 Locating Information 88
Chapter 7 Evaluating Information and Avoiding Plagiarism 108
Chapter 8 Suporting Your Ideas 130
Chapter 9 Presentation Aids 148
Organizing the Speech Chapter 10 The Body of the Speech 178
Chapter 11 Introductions and Conclusions 198
Chapter 12 Outlining the Speech 216
Presenting the Speech Chapter 13 Wording the Speech 236
Chapter 14 Delivering the Speech 254
Types of Public Speaking Chapter 15 Speaking to Inform 280
Chapter 16 Speaking to Persuade 302
Chapter 17 Persuasive Strategies 322
Chapter 18 Speaking on Special Occasions 352
Chapter 19 Speaking in Groups 368
Glossary 384
Index 388
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Contents
Preface xi
Part 1 Foundations of Effective Communication
Chapter 1 Introduction to Public Speaking 2
Benefits of a Public Speaking Course 4
The Speech Communication Process 6
Elements of the Process 6
TIP 1 Seek Feedback 9
The Process in Everyday Life 10
The Speaker’s Responsibilities 10
Maintain High Ethical Standards 10
Enrich Listeners’ Lives 11
Take Every Speech Seriously 12
Speech Introducing Yourself or a Classmate 12
Sample Self-Introduction Speech 13
Sample Speech Introducing a Classmate 13
Quick Guide to Public Speaking 14
Preparation 14
Delivery 16
TIP 2 Avoid the Five Biggest Mistakes Made by Speakers 17
Resources for Review and Skill Building 17
Chapter 2 Managing Nervousness 20
Reasons for Nervousness 22
The Value of Fear 22
Guidelines for Managing Nervousness 23
In the Planning Stage 23
Immediately before the Speech 26
During the Speech 27
TIP 1 Prepare for Memory Lapses 30
Resources for Review and Skill Building 34
Chapter 3 Listening 36
Introduction to Listening 38
The Problem of Poor Listening Skills 38
How to Listen Effectively 39
Prepare Yourself 39
Be Willing to Expend Energy 39
Listen Analytically 40
Take Notes 40
TIP 1 Take Notes in Important Conversations and Small-Group Meetings 42
Resist Distractions 42
TIP 2 Learn How Listeners Show Respect in Different Cultures 43
Avoid Fake Listening 43
Give Every Speaker a Fair Chance 43
Control Emotions 44
The Listener’s Responsibilities 44
Show Courtesy and Respect 44
TIP 3 Confront Electronic Rudeness 46
Provide Encouragement 47
Find Value in Every Speech 47
Speech Evaluations 48
When Evaluating 48
TIP 4 Express Appreciation to a Speaker 49
When Receiving Evaluations 49
Resources for Review and Skill Building 50
Part 2 Developing a Focus
Chapter 4 Reaching the Audience 52
The Audience-Centered Speaker 54
TIP 1 Be Sensitive to Audience Discomfort 55
Getting Information about the Audience 55
Interviews 55
Surveys 56
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Audience Diversity 56
Gender 57
Age 58
Educational Background 58
Occupation 58
Religious Affiliation 58
Economic and Social Status 59
International Listeners 59
America’s Diverse Cultures 60
TIP 2 Work Closely with Interpreters 61
Listeners with Disabilities 62
Audience Knowledge 63
Audience Psychology 64
Interest Level 64
Attitudes 64
The Occasion 66
Time Limit 66
TIP 3 Be Prepared to Trim Your Remarks 67
Expectations 67
Other Events on the Program 67
Audience Size 68
Adapting during the Speech 68
Resources for Review and Skill Building 69
Chapter 5 Selecting Topic, Purpose, and Central Idea 72
Selecting a Topic 74
Select a Topic You Care About 74
Select a Topic You Can Master 74
Select a Topic That Will Interest the Audience 77
Narrow the Topic 78
The General Purpose 79
To Inform 79
To Persuade 79
To Entertain 79
TIP 1 Examine Your Hidden Purposes 80
The Specific Purpose 80
Begin the Statement with an Infinitive 81
Include a Reference to Your Audience 81
Limit the Statement to One Major Idea 81
Make Your Statement as Precise as Possible 81
Achieve Your Objective in the Time Allotted 82
Don’t Be Too Technical 82
The Central Idea 82
Devising the Central Idea 83
Guidelines for the Central Idea 84
Overview of Speech Design 85
Resources for Review and Skill Building 86
Part 3 Preparing Content
Chapter 6 Locating Information 88
Misconceptions about Research 90
Finding Materials Efficiently 90
Begin with a Purpose Statement 90
Plan Your Time 91
Searching Electronically 91
Libraries 92
Getting Help from Librarians 92
Books 93
Articles 93
Interlibrary Loan 94
Online Research 94
Search Engines 94
Specialized Research 95
Apps 95
Online Communities and Individuals 96
Field Research 96
Experiences and Investigations 97
Surveys 97
Interviews with Experts 97
Saving Key Information 101
TIP 1 Develop a Filing System for Important Ideas 102
Printouts and Photocopies 102
Notes 102
Resources for Review and Skill Building 105
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Chapter 7 Evaluating Information and Avoiding Plagiarism 108
Being an Honest Investigator 110
Finding Trustworthy Information 110
Applying Critical-Thinking Skills 111
Recognize Dubious Claims 111
Find More Than One Source 112
Examine Opposing Viewpoints 112
Be Cautious When Using Polls 113
Recognize the Fallibility of Experts 113
Beware of Groups with Misleading Names 114
TIP 1 Be Willing to Challenge Reports in the Media 115
Analyzing Internet Sites 115
Don’t Be Swayed by Widespread Dissemination 115
Watch Out for Web Manipulation 116
Don’t Be Dazzled by High-Tech Design 116
Investigate Sponsors and Authors 117
Look for Verifications 119
Avoiding Plagiarism 120
Types of Plagiarism 120
Giving Credit to Sources 121
TIP 2 Be Specific When Citing Internet Sources 124
Using Copyrighted Material 124
Resources for Review and Skill Building 126
Chapter 8 Supporting Your Ideas 130
Reasons for Using Support Materials 132 To Develop and Illustrate Ideas 132
To Clarify Ideas 132
To Make a Speech More Interesting 132
To Help Listeners Remember Key Ideas 132
To Help Prove a Point 133
Types of Support Materials 133 Definition 133
Vivid Image 134
Example 134
Narrative 134
Comparison and Contrast 136
Analogy 136
Testimony 137
TIP 1 Give Listeners Bonus Material 138
Statistics 139
Sample Speech with Commentary 143
Resources for Review and Skill Building 146
Chapter 9 Presentation Aids 148
Advantages of Visual Aids 150
Types of Visual Aids 150
Graphs 151
Charts 152
Drawings and Photos 153
Video and Animation 154
Objects and Models 155
TIP 1 Never Let Visuals Substitute for a Speech 156
Yourself and Volunteers 156
Presentation Software 156
Types of Software 157
PowerPoint Slides 157