Validity in research refers to the extent researchers can be confident that the cause and effect they identify in their research are in fact causal relationships. If there is low validity in a study, it usually means that the research design is flawed and the results will be of little or no value. Four different aspects of validity should be considered when reviewing a research design: statistical conclusion validity, internal validity, construct validity, and external validity. In this Discussion, you consider the importance of each of these aspects in judging the validity of quantitative research.
To prepare:
Read the method section of one of the following quasi-experimental studies (also located in this week’s Learning Resources). Identify at least one potential concern that could be raised about the study’s internal validity. Metheny, N. A., Davis-Jackson, J., & Stewart, B. J. (2010). The effectiveness of an aspiration risk-reduction protocol. Nursing Research, 59(1), 18–25. Padula, C. A., Hughes, C., & Baumhover, L. (2009). Impact of a nurse-driven mobility protocol on functional decline in hospitalized older adults. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 24(4), 325–331. Yuan, S., Chou, M., Hwu, L., Chang, Y., Hsu, W., & Kuo, H. (2009). An intervention program to promote health-related physical fitness in nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(10), 1,404–1,411. Consider strategies that could be used to strengthen the study’s internal validity and how this would impact the three other types of validity. Think about the consequences of an advanced practice nurse neglecting to consider the validity of a research study when reviewing the research for potential use in developing an evidence-based practice.
Post the title of the study that you selected and your analysis of the potential concerns that could be raised about the study’s internal validity. Propose recommendations to strengthen the internal validity and assess the effect your changes could have with regard to the other three types of validity. Discuss the dangers of failing to consider the validity of a research study.

Contrast the various types of advance directives available. How do advance directives affect delivery of patient care?
FOUR QUESTIONS
1. Contrast the various types of advance directives available. How do advance directives affect delivery of patient care? Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
2. What information is included in a patient’s emergency record and discharge summary? Why must this information be timely and accurate? Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
3. What information should be included in an anesthesia record and an operative record? Since anesthesia is reported in an operative record, why do you think that a separate anesthesia record is required? Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
4. What are the Joint Commission’s requirements regarding a patient’s medical record? Why is it vitally important to enter information in a patient’s record in a timely and correct manner? Your response should be at least 200 words in length.